Interpreter-Kirundi-Swahili-Kinyarwanda.pdf
Interpreter: Kirundi/Swahili/Kinyarwanda. Job Description. Purpose of Position: Ensures that limited English speaking patients are efficiently
College of Arts and Social Sciences (CASS)
(18) points in two of the following subjects: Literature English
CASS-Entry Requirements for Undergraduate Programs in 2021-2022
French Kinyarwanda
Quand micro-identité rime avec marginalité. Le cas des
Le kiswahili est devenu la « lingua franca » de toute l'Afrique communique par le biais de la langue nationale qu'est le kinyarwanda.
Trainee Kinyarwanda Book Table of Contents
Kubaza umuntu mu Kinyarwanda amakuru ye nta gusoma. Bid farewells to someone at a precise moment of the day without reading in the notebook. Gusezera umuntu
recherches sur le swahili du burundi: les nominaux - hal-shs
1 févr. 2016 Dictionnaire de la langue swahili - GOMA 1975 - ... que identique au kinyarwanda (Rwanda). Si l'on inclut celui-d.
HRSP Brochure (Layperson Swahili) Rev 1114.indd
1 déc. 2014 ya mashtaka. Biro y'Uburenganzira bw'Ikiremwa. Muntu n'Ubushinjacyaha Bwihariye. Languages: English Portuguese
Dynamique des Langues au sein du Collège de lÉducation de l
cas du Rwanda il s'agit du kinyarwanda et de ses langues partenaires
english-kinyarwanda-dictionary.pdf
In the Kinyarwanda-English section the numbers in parentheses following the words indicate the number of the lesson in the Cox Grammar in which the word.
SWAHILI LANGUAGE HANDBOOK.
AND RELATED LANGUAGES MENTIONED WHEN RELEVANT TO SWAHILI. STRUCTURE. A similar situation prevailed with kinyaRwanda in Rwanda.
EPORTRESUMES
ED 012 888
SWAHILI LANGUAGE HANDBOOK.
BY- POLOME, EDGAR C.
CENTER FOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS,
WASHINGTON, D.C.
REPORT NUMBER BR -5 -1242PUB DATE
CONTRACT OEC -2 -14 -042
EDRS PRICE
MF-41.00HC...$10.00250F.AL 000 150
67DESCRIPTORS- *SWAHILI, *GRAMMAR, *PHONOLOGY,
*DIALECT STUDIES,*AREA STUDIES, DIACHRONIC LINGUISTICS,LITERATURE, DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS, SOCIOCULTURAL PATTERNS,CREOLES,PIDGINS, AFRICAN CULTURE, EAST AFRICA,CONGO
THIS INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURE AND
BACKGROUND OF THE
SWAHILI LANGUAGE WAS WRITTEN FOR THE NON- SPECIALIST. ALTHOUGHTHE LINGUISTIC TERMINOLOGY USED IN THEDESCRIPTION OF THELANGUAGE ASSUMES THE READER HAS HAD SOMETRAINING IN
LINGUISTICS, THIS HANDBOOK PROVIDES BASICLINGUISTIC AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC INFORMATION FOR STUDENTSOF AFRICAN CULTUREAND INTLRMEDIATE OR ADVANCED SWAHILILANGUAGE STUDENTS ASWELL AS FOR LINGUISTS. IN AN INTRODUCTIONTO THE PRESENT
LANGUAGE SITUATION, THIS HANDBOOK EXPLAINSTHE DISTRIBUTIONAND USE OF SWAHILI AS A LINGUA FRANCA,AS A PIDGIN, AND AS AMOTHER. LANGUAGE AND EXPLAINS PRESENTUSAGE THROUGH A BRIEF
HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE. DIALECTS OF SWAHILIARE DISCUSSEDAND RELATED LANGUAGES MENTIONED WHENRELEVANT TO SWAHILI
STRUCTURE. ALTHOUGH THE AUTHOR PLACES GREATESTEMPHASIS ONTHE STRUCTURE OF THE LANGUAGE (PHONOLOGY,MORPHOLOGY,
DERIVATION, INFLECTION, COMPLEX STRUCTURES,SYNTAX, ANDVOCABULARY), HE INCLUDES CHAPTERS ON THEWRITING SYSTEM ANDSWAHILI LITERATURE. OF SPECIAL INTERESTTO LANGUAGE TEACHERSIS A CHAPTER EXAMINING SPECIFIC POINTSOF CONTRAST BETWEENSWAHILI AND ENGLISH. THIS HANDBOOK ISALSO AVAILABLE FOR$4.50 FROM THE OFFICE OF INFORMATIONAND PUBLICATIONS, CENTERFOR APPLIED LINGUISTICS, 1717MASSACHUSETTS AVE., W.W.IWASHINGTON, D.C., 20036. (JD)
voi coco (N1 v-4 LUrA- 4.2OE- - I
SWAHILI
LANGUAGEHANDBOOK
EDGAR C.
POLOME
U.S. DEPARTMENT
OF HEALTH,EDUCATION &WELFARE
OFFICE OF EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT
HAS BEENREPRODUCED EXACTLYAS RECEIVEDFROM THEPERSON ORORGANIZATIONORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEWOR OPINIONSSTATED DO NOTNECESSARILY REPRESENTOFFICIAL OFFICEOF EDUCATIONPOSITION ORPOLICY.
M000 j50viArz.1.24,
LANGUAGE HANDBOOK SERIES
FRANK A. RICE, GENERAL EDITOR
CENTER FOR
APPLIEDLINGUISTICS: 1967
This work
was developedpursuant to acontract between theUnited StatesOffice of Educationand the Centerfor AppliedLinguistics and ispublished withthe permissionof theUnited StatesOffice of Education,Department of Health,
Education, andWelfare.
"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISCOPYRIGHTED MATERIAL
HAS BEEN GRANTED
BYTO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS
OPERATING
UNDER AGREEMENTS WITHTHE U.S. OFFICE Of
EDUCATION. FURTHERREPRODUCTION OUTSIDE
THE ERIC SYSTEMREQUIRES PERMISSION OF
THE COPYRIGHT OWNER."
Copyright @ 1967
by the Center for AppliedLinguistics1717 MassachusettsAvenue, N.W.,Washington, D.C.20036
Library of
Congress CatalogCard Number:67-19212Printed in theUnited Statesof AmericaPrice: $4.50t
INTRODUCTION
TO THE SERIES
Each volume in the
Language Handbook Seriesis intended to provide
an outline of the salientfeatures of a particularlanguage and asummary of the languagesituation and languageproblems of the
country or area in whichit is spoken.The scope of theseries isthe major modernlanguages of Asia andAfrica.
It is hoped thatthe handbooks willprove useful to several different kinds ofreaders.One is the linguisticspecialist whois not himselfa specialist in the particularlanguage treated,
e.g., an Arabist who isinterested in Swahili.Another is the stu- dent who is pastthe beginningstages of his study andwho wishes to have a concise andcondensed generalpicture of the language and its setting.A third reader isthe area specialist,e.g., a sociologist, who wishesto know basic linguisticor sociolinguistic facts about the area.The handbooksare not designed toserve as instructional materialsfor the language inquestion, norare they intended as a guideto localustoms or culturaldifferences orthe like.There has been
some attempt to hold thehandbooks toa sug- gested generalframework so as togive the seriessome uniformity, but in practice theindividual studiesvary considerably, both because of the differencesof approach of theindividual authorsand the range andvariety of problemsof the individuallanguages.In general, each authorin his ownway treats the followingmattersthe language in itssocial and historicalsetting, its linguistic
structure, its writingsystem (as appropriate),its points ofcon-trast with English, sndits literature.The description ofthe
linguistic structurehas provided thegreatest problem inpresen-tation.The authors have madea serious effort to avoidexcessiveuse of technical linguisticterminology butnevertheless a certain
amount of linguisticsophistication on thepart of the readermustbe assumed.Given the status ofmodern linguisticsas a discipline
INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES
it has not seemed wise to attempt to write in a popularized style. The language handbooks represent a new kind of venture in the field of applied linguistics.It is probable that some portions
or aspects of the various studies will be found inadequate or of little value, but the authors and the editor are confident that the series as a whole represents a useful step in the application of linguistic knowledge to practical language problems.Frank A. Rice
Director, Office of Information and Publications
Center for Applied Linguistics
vi "'11 i"C4w.JAISHIN PICSWAHILI LANGUAGE HANDBOOK
PREFACE
THIS IS
an introductionto Swahilifor thenon-specialist.Itaims atsupplyingcomprehensiveinformationabout thevariousaspects of thelanguage withdue regardto its culturalback-ground.It doesnot intendto givean exhaustivedescriptionofthestructure ofSwahili, butrather triesto emphasizeits mostcharacteristicfeatures.Though itsdata haveessentiallybeenelaboratedfrom asynchronicpoint ofview, adiachronicperspec-tive hasbeen introducedwhenever itappearedto throwmore lighton complexdescriptiveproblems,especially inthe fieldof mor-phophonemics.The formof languagedescribed hereis thespokenform usedby cultivatedSwahilispeakers inZanzibar andalongthe Mrimacoast, though,occasionally,forms andpatterns whichfonly survivein thewrittenliterarylanguage havebeen included
'-1in thedescription.The model
of Bantugrammar establishedby A.E.Meeussen inhis Essaide GrammaireRundi(Tervuren,1959)was takenas a ilguide forthe layoutof mystructuralsketch.The Swahilimate-rial isbased on theavailablecurrentliterature,grammaticaldescriptionsand lexicaldata referredto ire thebibliographicalnotes, as wellas on personalfield-notesgathered inCentral andEast Africa.For thecollection ofthese dataand thediscussionon the relevantmaterial, Iam greatlyindebted toa number ofdistinguishedSwahilispeakers,particularlySheik SalumM. Kombo,of Dares Salaam,representativefor Tanganyikaat the EastAfri-can SwahiliCommittee; M.Hatibu, ofDar esSalaam,inspector-fl
general ofSwahili forTanganyika;Sheik ShaabanS. Farsi,ofZanzibar,representativeof Zanzibarat the EastAfrican SwahiliCommittee; SheikHamed Ali,luwali ofTanga; GilbertMwakalukwa,of Dares Salaam;R. Mwajombe,of Peramiho(Songea); AliHassanMwini, AliHassan Mohammed,MuhamedBashrahil, andAbdulla AmorAli, ofZanzibar;FredericKuziwa, andCharlesSemwaiko, ofMoheza;
ixAli Omar Yahya, and Shihabuddin Chiraghdin, of
Mombasa, as well
as the numerous school-teachers whose speech I taped during a research trip in East Africa.I also wish to thank the experts
on Swahili from whose adviseI profited, especially H.E. Lambert
(Nairobi), J.W.T. Allen (Kampala), Professor Lyndon Harries (London/Madison, Wisconsin), Professor W.H. Whiteley (Dar esSalaam /Madison, Wisconsin), Jan Knappert (Dar es
Salaam/London),
Graham Hyslop (Nairobi), and Peter Hill (Mpwapwa).It is a further pleasure to express my sincere
appreciation for the stimulating and constructive suggestions made by LyndonHarries, A.E. Meeussen and W.P. Lehmann, who read
this book in manuscript. Besides, I owe L. Harries special thanks for allow- ing me to make generous use of his authoritative book on Swahili poetry. My sincere gratitude also goes to W. Lehn, who was most helpful in solving problems arising from the interpretation of loanwords from Arabic, and to H. Der-Houssikian and G.Matumo,
who were of constant assistance in editing the final text.Last but not least, I would like to express my sincere thanks toFrank A. Rice for the splendid editorial work he
has done on the book.Edgar C. Polome
University of Texas
December 1963/May 1966
SELECT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A considerable
literature is availableon Swahili.Most of ithas been listedin A LinguisticBibliography of EastAfrica,compiled by W.H.Whiteley and A.E.Gutkind, and publishedby theEast African SwahiliCommittee (revisededition, Kampala,1958).Valuable bibliographicaldata are also suppliedby G. Van Buickin Les RecherchesLinguistiques au CongoBeige (InstitutRoyalColonial Beige,Section des SciencesMorales et Politiques,
Memoires, Collection
in 8°, Tome XVI;Brussels, 1940),pp. 689-700.The most recentand comprehensivesurvey of Swahili lin-
guistic literatureis the Practicaland SystematicalSwahili Bibliography Linguistics1850-1963, compiledby Marcel VanSpaandonck (Leiden,E.J. Brill, 1965).
Though the relevant
literature concerningthe variousas-pects of the languageis mentioned inbibliographical notesfollowing each chapterof this book,it may be usefulto listhere the mainsources for further studyof Swahili.
A . GRAMMARS
E.O. Ashton,
Swahili Grammar(Including Intonation),London,Longmans, 1944 (2nded., 1947;often reprinted).The bestpracticalgrammar available inEnglish.
Alfons Loogman,Swahili Grammarand Syntax,Pittsburgh, DuquesneUniversity Press,1965 (DuquesneStudies, AfricanSeries,Vol. 1).A systematicclassification ofreliable linguisticdata, witha not alwayssuccessful attemptat originalityofanalysis.
C. Sacleux,
Grammaire swahilie,Paris, Procuredes Peres duSaint Esprit, 1909.An attempt ata comprehensivedescriptionof kiUnguja(Zanzibar dialect),completed byan excellentsur-vey of the otherdialects in hisGrammaire desdialectesswahilis (Paris,1909).
xiSELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
Edward Steere, A Handbook
of the Swahili Language asSpoken atZanzibar, London, Society for
Promoting Christian Knowledge,
1870.The earliest extensivedescription of kiUnguja in
English, a third, revised
and enlarged edition of which was published by A.C. Madan (London,1884), after the author's
death. A fourth, thoroughlyrevised edition by A.B. Hellier was first published in 1943, and is stillcurrently used as a reference grammar by students of Swahili.B. DICTIONARIES
L. Krapf, A Dictionary of
the Swahili Language, London,TrUbner and Co., 1882.The first comprehensiveSwahili-English lexi-
con, still most valuable for the cultural datasupplied in connection with numerous lexical items.Frederick Johnson, A Standard
Swahili-English Dictionary [and]
A Standard English - Swahili
Dictionary, London, Oxford Univer-
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