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Modern

SPANISH

Grammar

Second Edition

Routledge Modern Grammars

Series concept and development - Sarah Butler

Other books in the series:

Modern Spanish Grammar Workbook by Juan Kattán-Ibarra and Irene Wilkie

ISBN 0...415...12099...3

Modern French Grammar

Modern French Grammar Workbook

Modern German Grammar

Modern German Grammar Workbook

Modern Italian Grammar

Modern Italian Grammar Workbook

Modern

SPANISH

Grammar

A practical guide

Second Edition

Juan Kattán-Ibarra

and Christopher J. Pountain

First published 1997

by Routledge

Reprinted 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002

Second edition published 2003

by Routledge

11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 1997, 2003 Juan Kattán-Ibarra and Christopher J. Pountain The authors assert their moral right to be identified as the authors o f this work All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, n ow known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writi ng from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 0-415-27303-X (hbk)

0-415-27304-8 (pbk)

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. "To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge"s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.u k."

ISBN 0-203-42831-5 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-44036-6 (Adobe eReader Format)

Contents

Introduction xvii

Glossary xix

Part AStructures

1 Pronunciation and spelling3

1.1 The Spanish alphabet 3

1.2 Diphthongs 6

1.3 Syllabi“cation 6

1.4Sinalefa7

1.5 The written stress accent 7

1.6 Punctuation 9

1.7 Capital letters 10

2 Gender and gender agreements11

2.1 Masculine and feminine 11

2.2 Plural 11

2.3 General rules for gender 12

2.4 Words which are both masculine and feminine 12

2.5 Nouns which vary in gender 12

2.6 Agreement classes of adjectives 13

2.7 The neuter 14

2.8Lo15

3 Plurals and number agreement16

3.1 Plural forms 16

3.2 Number agreement 17

4 The articles19

4.1 De“nite article 19

4.2 Principal differences between the use of the de“nite article

in Spanish and English 20

4.3 De“nite article +que and de21

4.4 The inde“nite article 22

v

4.5 Principal differences between the use of the indefinite

article in Spanish and English 22

4.6 Use of the plural unos, unas23

5 Adjectives24

5.1 Shortening of adjectives 24

5.2 Adjective position 25

5.3 Adjectives used as nouns 27

5.4 Adjectives used as adverbs 27

6 Comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs28

6.1 Lack of distinction between 'more . . ." and 'most . . ." 28

6.2 Syntax of comparative constructions 29

7 Numbers30

7.1 Cardinal numbers 30

7.2 Ordinal numbers 31

7.3 Expressions involving numbers 32

8 Personal pronouns34

8.1 Subject pronouns 34

8.2 Object pronouns 36

8.3 Reduplicated pronoun structures 39

9 Demonstratives40

9.1 Forms 40

9.2 Order 40

9.3 Usage 41

10 Possessives42

10.1 Forms 42

10.2 Usage 43

11 Relative pronouns45

11.1Que45

11.2El que/el cual, etc. 45

11.3Quien(es)46

11.4Cuyo (adj.) 47

12 Interrogative and exclamatory forms48

12.1¿Cómo?/¡Cómo!48

12.2¿Cuál? and ¿Qué?/¡Qué!49

12.3¿Cuándo?50

12.4¿Cuánto?/¡Cuánto!50

vi

CONTENTS

12.5¿Dónde?/¿Adónde?50

12.6¿Para qué?/¿Por qué?50

12.7¿Qué tal?51

12.8¿Quién(es)?51

12.9¿Verdad?,¿no?51

13 Indefinite and negative pronouns and adjectives52

13.1Alguno and ninguno52

13.2Alguien and nadie52

13.3Uno53

13.4Algo and nada53

13.5Cualquiera53

13.6Quienquiera54

13.7Todo54

14 Adverbs55

14.1 Formation of adverbs in -mente55

14.2 Other adverbs 56

15 Negation57

15.1No57

15.2 Negative element following the verb 57

15.3 Expressions requiring a negative 58

15.4No . . . sino . . .58

15.5 Negation of adjectives 58

15.6 Negative questions 58

16 Verb forms59

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