[PDF] ASM86 LANGUAGE REFERENCE MANUAL

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ASM86 LANGUAGE

REFERENCE MANUAL

Copyright © 1981, 1982, 1983 Intel Corporation

Intel Corporation, 3065 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, California 95051 Order Number: 121703-003

ASM86 LAI"GUAGE

REFERENCE MANUAL

Order Number: 121703-003

Copyright © 1981, 1982, 1983 Intel Corporation

I Intel Corporation, 3065 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051 I ii Additional copics of this manual or other Intclliteraturc may be obtained from:

Literature Department

Intcl Corporation

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Santa Clara, CA 95051

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the right to make changes to these spccifications at any time, without notice. Contact your local sales office to obtain the latest specificatiors before placing your order. Intcl Corporation makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including, but not limited to, the implicd warranties of mcrchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Intel Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. I ntel Corporation makes no commitment to update nor to keep current the information contained in this document.

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REV. REVISION HISTORY DATE APPD.

-001 Original issue. 9/81 -002 Correct errors in command pages of -00 I issue. 9/82

Include new information for iAPX 186 instruc-

tions. -003 Revised to correct errors in Appendix A of -002 11/83 D.N. issue. III n ___________________

How to Use 'This Manual

This manual describes the assembly language for the 8086/8088 and the 8087. You should already be familiar with the 8086/8087/8088 before attempting to use this manual. Because this is a reference manual, it should not be read from cover-to cover. The ASM86 LANGUAGE REFERENCE MANUAL is part of a family of manuals designed to help you program the 8086/8088 and the 8087. For you to learn how to program the 8086/8087/8088 in assembly language, you should read the following manuals:

The 8086 Family User's Guide, 9800722

This is an introduction to all the chips in the 8086 family. It describes the hard ware architecture and the instruction set of the 8086/8088. This is essential reading! The 8086 Family User's Guide-Numerics Supplement, 121586 This manual describes the 8087 Numeric Processor. If you are going to be programming for the 8087, you should read this manual.

An Introduction to ASM86, 121689

This manual serves as an introduction to programming in assembly language for the 8086/8088. It will teach you the basic concepts necessary to begin writing programs for the 8086/8088. This manual is an introduction to much of the material covered in the ASM86 LANGUAGE REFERENCE MANUAL. Before plunging into this manual you should read Chapter 1. It introduces some of the concepts, terminology, and conventions that are used throughout the manual. Sections labeled "Overview" are introductions to material covered in a chapter. These sections are intended to give you an overall perspective of the material. In Chapter 3, there are two sections entitled "Introduction to ... ". These sections introduce two data structures unique to the assembly language. You should read these sections early in your use of the manuaL The following is a brief description of the chapter contents: Chapter 1 -discusses the important issues of the machine architecture (registers, segmentation) and introduces the assembly language. Chapter 2 -discusses the assembler directives that control segmentation (defining program segments). Chapter 3 -discusses the definition of variables and labels and the definition and initialization of data storage. It also describes the many data structures supplied by the assembly language. Chapter 4 -describes the possible operand types that you can use with machine instructions. It also describes the assembly-time expressions that you can use. Chapter 5 -describes the directives that allow you to develop modular programs, both in assembly language and assembly language programs that will link to modules written in other 8086/8088 languages. v vi Chapter 6 -fully describes the instruction sets for the 8086/8088 and the 8087. Chapter 7 -describes the macro language supplied by the assembler. NOTE This manual replaces three previous reference manuals for ASM86. There are three different assemblers for ASM86. They are: a.

8080/8085 based assembler with no 8087 support

b. 8080/8085 based assembler with 8087 support c. 8086 based assembler with 8087 support. This manual covers all the versions of the ASM86 assembler. Any dif ferences will be noted where they occur (the END and NAME directive).

RELATED PUBLICATIONS

For further, more detailed information about Intel's 8086/8088 assembly language and

ASM86 assembler, see the following manuals:

An Introduction to ASM86, 121689

• ASM86 Macro Assembler Operating Instructions for 8086-Based Development

Systems,

121628

or • 8086/8087/8088 Macro Assembler Operating Instructions for 8080/8085-Based

Development Systems,

121624

or MCS-86 Macro Assembler Operating Instructions for ISIS-II Users, 9800641 For a description of the 8086/8088 architecture and an overview of the ASM86 and

PL/M-86 languages, see:

Morse, Stephen

P., The 8086 Primer (2nd Ed), Hayden Book Company, Inc.,

Rochelle

Park, New Jersey, 1982.

For information on the 8086 and 8088 microprocessors and the 8087

Numeric Data

Processor, see:

• The 8086 Family User's Manual, 9800722 • The 8086 Family User's Manual, Numerics Supplement, 121586 For information on the PL/M-86 programming language and compiler, see: PL/M-86 User's Guide for 8086-Based Systems, 121636 or • PL/M-86 Programming Manual, 9800466 PL/M-86 Compiler Operating Instructions for 8080/8085-Based Development

Systems,

9800478

For information on the LINK86 and LOC86 utility programs, see: • iAPX 86,88 Family Utilities User's Guide, 121616 or

8086 Family Utilities User's Guide, 9800639

• (R) n

CHAPTER 1 PAGE

OVERVIEW OF THE ASM86 ASSEMBL Y

LANGUAGE

The 8086/8087/8088 Development Environment 1-1

An Overview of the Assembly Language ......... 1-1 Basic Assembly Language Constituents .......... 1-3

Character Set .............................. 1-3

Tokens and Separators ...................... 1-4

Delimiters

................................. 1-4

Identifiers

................................. 1-4

Statements ................. ".............. 1-5

An Overview of the Macro Language ............ 1-5

CPU Hardware Overview ....................... 1-5

The General Register Set ..................... 1-6 The Segment Register Set ..................... 1-7

The 8086/8088 Memory Segmentation Model ..... 1-8

A Description

of the Format Used for

Directive Specifications

................... 1-9

CHAPTER 2

SEGMENT ATION

Overview of Segmentation ...................... 2-1

The SEGMENT/ENDS Directive ............... 2-1

Multiple Definitions for a Segment ............ 2-3 "Nested" or "Embedded" Segments ........... 2-4

The Default Segment -??SEG ................. 2-5

The ASSUME Directive ........................ 2-5

Forward Referenced Names in an

ASSUME Directive......................... 2-7

Multiple

ASSUME Directives ................. 2-8

The GROUP Directive ................. "...... 2-8

Use of the OFFSET Operator with Groups ..... 2-9

CHAPTER 3

DEFINING AND INITIALIZING DATA

Overview of Variables and Labels ............... 3-1

Constants ................................... 3-2

Defining

and Initializing Variables (DB, DW, DD,

DQ, DT Directives) ....................... 3-3

Introduction to Records ....................... 3-8

The RECORD Directive ....................... 3-8

Record

Template Definition ................. 3-8

"Partial" Records .......................... 3-9

Record

Allocation and Initialization ........... 3-9

Introduction to Structures ..................... 3-10 The STRUC Directive ......................... 3-11 Structure Template Definitions ............... 3-11 Structure Allocation and Initialization ......... 3-12

Defining Labels

.............................. 3-15 The PROC Directive .......................... 3-15 The LABEL Directive ......................... 3-17

CONTENTS I

PAGE The Location Counter ($) ...................... 3-18 The ORG Directive ........................... 3-18 The EVEN Directive .......................... 3-19

The PURGE Directive ........................ 3-19

Using the PURGE Directive to Control Debug

Information ........................... 3-19

CHAPTER 4

ACCESSING DATA-OPERANDS

AND EXPRESSIONS

8086/8087/8088 Instruction Statements .......... 4-1

Operand Types .............................. 4-2

Registers

.................................. 4-2

Floating Point Stack ...................... 4-2

Immediate Operands ........................ 4-2

Memory Operands ......................... 4-3

Direct

Address ........................... 4-3

Register

Indirect Address .................. 4-3

Based

Address ........................... 4-4

Indexed

Address ......................... 4-4

Based Indexed

Address .................... 4-4

Segment Register Defaults ................. 4-4

Overview of Expressions ...................... 4-6 Types of Expression Operands ................. 4-6

Numbers .................................. 4-6

Address Expressions

........................ 4-7

Accessing

Structure Fields ................... 4-8

Relocatable Expressions

..................... 4-9 Arithmetic Operators ......................... 4-10

HIGH/LOW .............................. 4-10

Multiplication and Division .................. 4-11 Shift

Operators ............................ 4-11

Addition and Subtraction .................... 4-12

RelationalOperators ........................ 4-12

Logical

Operators .......................... 4-13

Attribute Overriding Operators ................. 4-14

Segment

Override .......................... 4-14

PTR Operator ............................. 4-15

SHORT Operator .......................... 4-16

Attribute Value Operators ..................... 4-17

THIS Operator ............................ 4-17

SEG Operator ............................. 4-18

OFFSET Operator ......................... 4-18

TYPE Operator ............................ 4-19

LENGTH Operator ........................ 4-20

SIZE Operator ............................. 4-21

Record Specific

Operators ..................... 4-21

Shift Count ............................... 4-22

MASK

Operator ........................... 4-22

WIDTH Operator .......................... 4-23

Operator Precedence .......................... 4-23 vii n

Highest Precedence ...................... .

Lowest

Precedence ...................... .

The EQU Directive .......................... .

CHAPTER 5

PROGRAM LINKAGE DIRECTIVES

Overview of Program Linkage ................. .

The PUBLIC Directive ....................... .

The EXTRN Directive ....................... .

The Placement of EXTRN's ................ .

The END Directive .......................... .

The NAME Directive ........................ .

CHAPTER 6

THE 8086/8087/8088

INSTRUCTION SET

The 8086/8088 Instruction Set

Instruction Statement Formats ................ .

Addressing Modes

Memory Operands ........................ .

Segment

Override Prefixes .................. .

Register

Operands ......................... .

Immediate Operands ....................... .

String

Instructions and Memory References ..... .

Mnemonic Synonyms ........................ .

Organization of the Instruction Set ............. .

Data Transfer ............................ .

General

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