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TOEFL GRAMMAR REVIEW

2001
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C O N T E N T S

Preface 5

PART I: British and American English

1. Differences Between British English and American English 6

PART II: Grammar Review

2. Sentence Pattern 11

3. Nouns 12

4. Count and Non-Count Nouns 13

5. Articles 16

6. Distinction Between OTHER / ANOTHER 22

7. Tenses 23

8. Subject - Verb Agreement 31

9. Pronouns 35

10. Verbs as Compliments 40

11.Pronouns as Compliments 42

12.The Verb NEED 42

13. Questions:

Information Questions 43

Embedded Questions 45

Tag Questions 47

14. Negation 50

15. Affirmative and Negative Agreement 51

16. Conditional Sentences 52

17. USED TO / USED TO + Ving 60

18. Would Rather 63

19. Modals 64

20. Adjectives and Adverbs 66

21. Linking Verbs 69

22. Comparisons 70

23. Nouns Functioning as Adverbs 74

24. Hyphenated Adjectives 75

25. ENOUGH with Adjectives, Adverbs and Nouns 77

26. Cause Connectors: BECAUSE / BECAUSE OF; SO / SUCH 78

27. Passive Voice 82

28. Causative Verbs 84

29. Relative Clauses 87

30. Subjunctive 90

31. Inclusives: NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO, BOTH...AND, AS WELL AS 92

32. KNOW/KNOW HOW 93

33. Clauses of Concession: DESPITE / IN SPITE OF / ALTHOUGH 94

34. Problem Verbs 96

4

PART III: Style in Written English

35. Sequence of Tenses 97

36. SAY/TELL 100

37. Antecedents of Pronouns 101

38.The Pronouns ONE and YOU 103

39.Illogical Participial Modifiers (Dangling Participles) 104

40.Participles as Adjectives 106

41. Redundancy 107

42.Wordiness 108

43.Parallel Structure 109

44. Transformation of Direct and Indirect Objects 112

45. Inversion 112

PART IV: Prepositions, Conjunctions and Problem Vocabulary

46.Prepositions 114

47. Conjunctions 118

48.Vocabulary 121

49. Structure and Written Expression

Test 1 134

Test 2 136

PART V: Idioms 139

Answer Keys 162

5Preface

At present many people want to study or to work abroad, or to work for a foreign company in Russia. The first step to achieve this goal is to pass the test which certifies your knowledge of English. For example, if your plans are connected with working or studying in the USA, you have to pass the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign

Language).

The TOEFL is a timed test that consists of four sections:

1. Listening Comprehension (50 questions - 40 minutes);

2. Structure and Written Expression (40 questions - 25 minutes);

3. Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension (50 questions - 55 minutes).

4. Writing (30 minutes).

The maximum total score is 300 points.

In preparing for the TOEFL, or any other language examinations, it is very important to review the language skills for each section of the examination and to have an opportunity to make model tests that are similar to the actual examination. Reviewing will help students recall some of the language skills that they have studied in previous classes and other books. It is assumed that students have studied grammar prior to reviewing for the TOEFL, and that they are relatively fluent. The purpose of this workbook then, is to provide students with a detailed review of the language skills for the Structure and Written Expression section of the TOEFL, to sharpen these skills and to improve accuracy. TOEFL Grammar Review is divided into five parts covering the most frequently tested problems necessary to pass Section 2 of the TOEFL. Part I shows differences between American and British English. Parts II-IV include practice exercises designed to improve the ability to recognize grammar and correct style in Written English. Two TOEFL Structure and Written Expression Practice Tests included in Part IV will allow to measure their ability to answer grammar questions in the TOEFL format. Part V contains exercises testing American idioms. The TOEFL Grammar Review includes answer keys which enable to use this workbook as a self-study guide for independent out-of class work.

6PART I: BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH

1. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRITISH ENGLISH

AND AMERICAN ENGLISH

1. PRONUNCIATION

Letter BE AE Examples

a [a:] [e] [ae] [ei] ask, dance, half, grass, example, can't ate o [ o ] [a] hot, not, top, stop, problem i [ai] [i] privacy, either, neither, vitamin u [ju:] [u:] due, news, knew, tune r - [r] reader, figure t [t] [d] NOTE:

Before

n [t] little, city, cottage, auto, pretty, utter, critic, party, water, forget it button, mountain, written t [t] [t] situation s [s] [] issue s [z] [ ] as you know, because sch [sk] [] schedule d [d] [d] education, would you, could you e [İ] [i:] leisure - ure [ ] [ ] figure

2. SPELLING

BE AE

- our colour - or color favour favor humour humor vapour vapor - re centre - re center theatre theater metre meter - ll traveller - l traveler jewellery jewelry

7marvellous marvelous

cancelled canceled - ence defence - ense defense offence offense licence license - ogue catalogue - og catalog dialogue dialog monologue monolog - pp worshipped - p worshiped kidnapper kidnaper - mme programme - m program telegramme telegram engramme engram - ise recognise - ize recognize

NOTE: BE AE

aluminium aluminum axe ax cheque check gaol Jail goodbye goodby grey gray judgement judgment kerb cerb plough plow pyjamas pajamas through thru tyre tire copies copys leaves leafs

83. STRESS

BE AE BE AE ad'vertisement advertisement 'necessary 'nece,ssary ex'cess 'excess re'search 're,search in'quiry 'inquiry 'secretary 'secretary la'boratory 'labora'tory tele'vision 'tele`vision

4. VOCABULARY

BE AE BE AE accumulator battery pavement sidewalk autumn fall petrol gas, gasoline barrister attorney pictures movie biscuit cake, cookie post mail block of flats apartment house puncture blow- out chemist's drugstore queue line chips French fries return round trip cinema movie theater ring up call up cooker oven rubber eraser curtains drapes rubbish garbage flat apartment shop store garden yard spirits liquor grain corn (cereals) surname last name handbag purse sweets candy holiday vacation tap faucet hostel dormitory telegramme wire ill sick timetable schedule label tag toilet bathroom, restroom letterbox mailbox torch flashlight lift elevator trousers pants, slacks lorry track underground subway luggage baggage undershirt vest mark grade wardrobe closet million billion

5. GRAMMAR

BE AE

1. Present Perfect

Past Simple

I have just had lunch. I just

had lunch.

9 I have already posted the letter. I already

mailed the letter. I haven't told them. I didn't tell them about it yet.

2. Future Perfect (Progressive)

Future Simple

What will you have done by the What will you do by the time time you go to bed tonight? you go to bed tonight? How long will you have been How long will you do that? doing that?

3. I've got I have

I haven't got I don't have

Have you got? Do you have?

4. Questions

Do you know anything? You know something? Have you ever been to London? Ever been in London?

Do you need a j ob? Need a j ob?

5. hospital the hospital

in a team on a team at the week-end/at week-ends on the week-end/on week-ends different to different than write to someone write someone

6. Irregular Verbs

burn-burn-burnt burn- burned-burned learn-learnt-learnt learn-learned-learned get-got-got get-got-gotten prove-proved-proved prove-proved-proven

7. Should

Subjunctive

I demand that I should be

I demand that I be released.

released.

6. COLLOQUALISMS

BE AE BE AE Yes Yep, Yup, Yeah want to wanna No Nope, Naw, Hah have got (have) gotta You Ya let me lemme have to hafta out of outta don't you don'tcha give me gimmie going to gonna I don't know I dunno

10Exercise 1. Match the words in American English on the left with their British

equivalents on the right.

AE BE

1. apartment 1. lift

2. candy 2. chips

3. cookies 3. handbag

4. drapes 4. undershirt

5. elevator 5. rubber

6. eraser 6. rubbish

7. faucet 7. sweets

8. flashlight 8. biscuits

9. French fries 9. tap

10. garbage 10. flat

11. purse 11. torch

12. vest 12. curtaines

Exercise 2. Match the words in American English on the left with their British equivalents on the right.

AE BE

1. baggage 1. holiday

2. blow-out 2. telegramme

3. gasoline 3. garden

4. round trip 4. pavement

5. line 5. luggage

6. sidewalk 6. label

7. subway 7. petrol

8. tag 8. underground

9. truck 9. queue

10. vacation 10. puncture

11. wire 11. lorry

12. yard 12. return

11PART II: GRAMMAR REVIEW

2. SENTENCE PATTERN

Exercise 3. Identify the subject, verb, compliment, and modifier in each of the following sentences.

1. Our neighbor's dog barked all afternoon.

2. Our walking group meets at seven o'clock in the morning.

3. The band played all evening.

4. June speaks at almost every staff meeting.

5. Mrs. Perez bought a new rug for her dining room.

6. Some cough medicines contain alcohol.

7. Bill carried his tools in a five- gallon plastic bucket.

8. Linda often buys snacks at the university store.

9. All of the buses are equipped with safety belts.

10.Paulette wore the same brand of blue jeans for twenty years.

11. Several inches of water flooded the basement of the library during the night.

12.Martin orders all his clothes from catalogues.

13.A typical supermarket sells more than 18,000 products.

14. One flea can lay 500 eggs.

15.A dangerous situation exists in the Near East.

16.Elliot first met Olivia in the snack section of a supermarket.

17.Mr. Pandolfo wrote his own will.

18.My new English class meets three times a week.

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