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76

CHAPTER 2. IDIOMS

VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETO LEIDYKLA

VILNIUS, 2017

VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETAS

ISBN 978-609-459-820-3

Apsvarst? ir rekomendavo išleisti

Vilniaus universiteto Filologijos fakulteto taryba (2017 m. kovo 3 d., protokolas Nr. 9)

Recenzentai:

Prof. dr. Inesa Šeškauskien? (Vilniaus universitetas) Dr. Jolanta Kovalevskait? (Vytauto Didčiojo universitetas)

© Rita Jukneviėien?, 2017

© Vilniaus universitetas, 2017

CONTENTS

3 Acknowledgements ........................................................................ ........................4 Preface ........................................................................ Chapter 1. Preliminaries ........................................................................ ..............7

1.1 Phraseological research in linguistics ...............................................11

1.2 Terminology .................................................................................................13

Further reading ...................................................................................................21

Study tasks .....................................................................................................

.......21 Chapter 2. Idioms ........................................................................ .........................25

Further reading ...................................................................................................32

Study tasks .....................................................................................................

.......32 Chapter 3. Collocations ........................................................................ ..............34

3.3 Association measures...............................................................................42

Further reading ...................................................................................................48

Study tasks .....................................................................................................

.......48 Chapter 4. Lexical bundles, ngrams, recurrent sequences ...................51

Further reading ...................................................................................................61

Study tasks .....................................................................................................

.......62 Postscript ........................................................................ REFERENCES ........................................................................ ..................................67 .........67

II. Dictionaries .....................................................................................................67

....68

IV. Literature ......................................................................................................

..68

CONTENTS

4

ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGY AND CORPORA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGY AND CORPORA

5

PREFACE

6

ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGY AND CORPORA

phrasephraseological unitǡ

January 2017

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

7

PRELIMINARIES

1. a. The selection or arrangement of words and phrases in the expression of ideas; manner or style of expression; the particular language, terminology, or diction which characterizes a writer, work, subject, language, place, etc. †2. A collection or handbook of the phrases or idioms of a language; a phra- sebook. †3. The use of phrases in speech.

ǡǡphraseology ȋphrasis 'utterance'

+ logosǮǯȌϐ

CHAPTER 1.

8

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

Table 1.1

SourceReported evidence

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

9 10

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

you know

ǣyou know ϐ

1

ǡyou knowͳͲͺ

th th

Table 1.2

RankWordPart of speechFrequency

104one369,553

105very391,821

106her397,950

106even361,067

108367,844

you knowphrase367,470

109any348,100

110353,973

111noun341,422

112through340,921

113us351,088

So you know ǡ

as through, down, afterǡmay, should, needǡ 1 To calculate how many times one normalised frequency diers from the other, we divide one by the other. For example, spoken vs. ction (Figure 1): 2,711/445 = 6.1 times; spoken vs. academic:

2,711/28.10 = 96.5 times.

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

11

ǣyou

th knowǡ you knowknow. To

ǡI knowͳͲͲǡʹͻͺǡ

1.1 Phraseological research in linguistics

the Collins COBUILD English Dictionary for Advanced LearnersȋʹͲͲͳǡ͵

Ȍǡǡǡof course

12

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

The collocation do research

as daryti mokslinius tyrimusȋǣǮϐǯȌǡ . Similarly, to cast a ballot 'to

ǯmesti burtus ǮǯǢ

raining cats and dogs rather than . Clearly, this

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

13

ϐȋe. g. tusen tackȌǦ

Ǧȋǣthousand

1.2 Terminology

14

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

I'm a fairly tidy sort of person, so I do make the bed, and sort of tidy up in the bedroom (...) As Beck recalled, 'He came, he slept, he left without making the bed and I never saw him.'

ϔbed hadn't been made.

to make the bedǮǯȋȌ be rolling in it ǮǯȋȌǡ

Take That are rolling in it. ȋȌ

2 rolled in it ǡ rolls in it rolled in itǡǦ 2 Interestingly, a search in COCA gave one instance where rolling seems to be used in the Present Simple to express the meaning of ‘being rich". e excerpt comes from a novel published in 2003:

I can't save everybody, I'm asthmatic, and I don't want a dog, especially not one who acts like he snorts

coke and looks like he rolls in it. It is an example of change in language, in this case, an idiom chan-

ging its allegedly xed form.

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

15 It was full of Gold 100there must have been seventy rolls in it altogether, and she loaded one into the camera (...). The sheets were stripped, but I had torn down the canopy and rolled in it until

I was trussed and bound.

ǯlexical phrases ȋǡͳͻͻʹȌ.

ǡǡformulaic sequences formulaicityǡ

a sequence, continuous or discontinuous, of words or other elements, which is, or appears to be, prefabricated: that is, stored and retrieved whole from memory at the time of use, rather than being subject to generation or analysis by the lan

ǡȋto pull a person's leg Ǯǯ

3 ȋto give up ǮǡǯȌǡȋstale bread Ǯ 1.

Ǧȋerm, mhmȌǦ

guage as in well erm I dunno. 2.

ǡraining cats and dogs*raining

3 If not stated otherwise, all denitions are taken from the Oxford English Dictionary Online (www.oed.com). 16

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

Amalgams, automatic chunks, clichés, co

ordinate constructions, collocations, formulaic language, formulae, fossilized forms, frozen metaphors, frozen phra ses, gambits, gestalt, holistic phrases, lexical simplex, lexical phrases, lexicalized sentence stems, multiword units/items, multiword lexical phenomena, non com phrasemes, preassembled speech, precoded conventional routines, prefabs, pre fabricated routines and patterns, ready made expressions, ready made utteranc es, recurring utterances, routine formulae, schemata, semipreconstructed phrases that constitute single choices, sentence builders, set phrases, stable and familiar expressions with specialized subsenses, stereotyped phrases, unanalyzed chunks of speech, units catchphrases, lexical bundles, phrasal verbs, proverbs, sayingsǡ many others.

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

17

1.3 Classification of phrases

Current literaturϐǡ

th 18

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

fuseǡǡǦ ing collocations.

Table 1.3 ȋǡͳͻͻͺȌ

Free combinations

Restricted

collocations

Figurative

idioms

Pure idioms

Lexical

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

19 lexical bundles, ngrams, clusters cooccurrences or collocations to naϐ 20

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

minology.

Phrasemes

Referential function

Textual function Communicative function

Quotations

Figure 1.2

corpus based corpus-driven ȋǦȋʹͲͲͳȌǦ

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

21

Further reading

Study tasks

1. 2. 3. you know 4. 22

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARIES

5. 6. 7. 8.

Dear colleague,

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