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Y9 DESIGN MOVEMENTS PROJECT

Summer Term-Project 2. This work is for the remaining 7weeks of the summer term. All work in this project can be hand written, or using software of your choice where available.

DESIGN MOVEMENTS

Throughout history, there have been many different design movements. A design movement is: promoted by a group of artists for adefinedSHULRG RI PLPHB $NVPUMŃP ([SUHVVLRQLVPµ

In this project, you will investigation design movements, analyse products and explore the modelling and

development of design ideas. You will first learn about the design movements below:

BauhausArt DecoMemphisDe Stijl

Art Deco

Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939 (that first appeared in

France just before World War), affecting architecture, interior design, and industrial design, graphic arts,

and film. Art Deco was decorative, this style was seen as elegant, functional, modern, with a strong use of

geometric shapes. Key traits of Art Deco is the use of different geometric shapes that are often repeated.

The Chrysler Building is an Art Deco style skyscraper in New York City, located on the east side of Manhattan at the intersection of

42nd Street and Lexington Avenue. At 1,046 feet, the structure was the world's tallest building for 11 months before it was

surpassed by the Empire State Building in 1931. It is still the tallest brick building in the world, but has an internal steel skeleton.

The Chrysler Building is a classic example of Art Deco architecture and considered by many contemporary architects to be one of

the finest buildings in New York City. It was designed by architect William Van Alen.

The shape of the Chrysler

Building was dictated by a 1916

law which meant that buildings had to be stepped back as they rose to allow sunlight and more air to reach the streets below.

Because of this, instead building

tall, bland, rectangular box-styled sky scrapers, they were often shape of a triangle as shown beside.

Towards the top of the building,

you can see repeated triangles and semi circles. This is very different to the stepped squares and rectangles below.

TASK 1-THE CHRYSLER BUILDING-

CASE STUDY

3.Where and when did Art Deco originate?

4.What are the key traits of the Art Deco style?

5.Where is the Chrysler Building located?

6.What overall shape is the Chrysler Building and why is this?

7.What shapes can be seen towards the top of the Chrysler Building?

8.How many different shapes can you see overall used in the Chrysler Building?

9.If you have access to the internet, choose a product / item / building with the

Art Deco style. Try to answer the following questions:

1.What is it I.e. Lamp, building, chair?

2.What shapes are used?

3.Do you like it?

4.Do you think it looks modern, or old fashioned? Why is this?

10.You have been asked to redesign a coffee table (shown beside) in the style of

Art Deco. Think about what shapes you will use and how you will include them.

Bauhaus

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to Art Deco because Art Deco was about trying to make things look decorative, whereas, Bauhaus, was more about making thinks comfortable. The first model was finished in 1924. The design was only possible because Mannesmann, a German steel manufacturer, had recently perfected the process of making seamless steel tubing. Before that, all steel tubing had a welded seam which ŃROOMSVHG MV VRRQ MV LP RMV NHQPB 7OLV PMGH %UHXHU·V ŃOMLU UHYROXPLRQMU\B The Wassily chair has been mass-produced since the late 1920s, and continuously in production since the 1950s. The design classic is still available today. Reproductions are produced around the world by other manufacturers, who market the product under different names. TheWassily Chairwas designedby Marcel Breuer in 1925-1926 while he was the head of the cabinet-making workshop at the Bauhaus in Germany. Marcel Breuer (1902-1981), was interested in industrial materials and manufacturing techniques. The Wassily chair was inspired by a bicycle because of the lightness of the steel tubing. Breuer said he felt the bicycle (he rode an Adler) was a timeless piece of GHVLJQ UHIHUULQJ PR LPV NHQP OMQGOHNMUV MV ´VPHHO PXNHV OLNH PMŃMURQLµB HQVSLUHG N\ POH NLŃ\ŃOH IUMPH %UHXHU VHP RXP PR ŃUHMPH M GHVLJQ XVLQJ VPHHO PXNLQJB ´H realised the bending had to go further. It should only be bent, with no points of RHOGLQJ RQ LP VR LP ŃRXOG MOVR NH ŃOURPHG LQ SMUPV MQG SXP PRJHPOHUBµ

TASK 2-THE WASSILYCHAIR-

3.What did Bauhaus focus on and why was this different to Art Deco?

4.When was the Wassily Chair designed, and by whom?

5.What was Marcel Breuer interested in?

6.What was Marcel Breuer inspired by and why was this?

7.When was the first model of the Wassily Chair finished?

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9.What was the name of the German steel manufacturer that helped Breuer

make his chair?

10.Can you still buy the chair today? If you have access to the internet, try to find

the cheapest Wassily Chair and the most expensive. What is the difference in price and why do you think this is?

Memphis

Memphis is a design movement that began in 1981. While the name might make you think that it was born in

Tennesse, it got its start in Milan, Italy. Designer Ettore Sottsassfounded the Memphis Group with other

designers and architects. They took their name from a Bob Dylan song titledStuck Inside of Mobile with the

Memphis Blues Againwhich was played on repeat during their first meeting. The Memphis group created a

series of highly influential products in the 1980s. The general thinking behind Memphis was that products do

not have to follow conventional shapes, colours, textures and patterns.

Typical features of the Memphis design include:

The Memphis Group made their debut at the 1981 Salone del Mobile of Milan, a renowned furniture fair. Although their style was attention grabbing, it was commercially rejected and instead attracted a cult following. TheCarlton bookshelf (shown beside)was a marvel of creative design with its angled shelves and use of bright colours. Most of the Memphis collection products were finished in brightly coloured laminates (thin layers of plastic / wood).Laminates were most commonly used at that time to protect kitchen furniture, but the JURXS VSHŃLILŃMOO\ ŃORVH POLV PMPHULMO NHŃMXVH RI LPV RNYLRXV µOMŃN RI

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Laminate and Terrazzo materials, which

were usually found on floors, were incorporated into tables and lamps.

Squiggles, aka the Bacterioprint, was

designed by Sottsassin 1978.

Bright, multi-coloredobjects with a

rejection of typical shapes. Often, instead of chair legs being rectangular,

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TASK 3-MEMPHIS AND THE CARLTON

BOOKCASE -CASE STUDY

1.Where an when did the design style of Memphis start?

2.Who founded the Memphis Group and what did they take their name from?

3.What was the generic thinking behind the Memphis design style?

4.What three features are typically a sign of Memphis design?

5.Where did the Memphis Group make their debut? Was their style liked?

6.Why is the Carlton Bookcase typical of Memphis design?

7.What are laminates and what were they commonly used for at the time?

8.Redesign the 3 products below in the style of Memphis-remember to think

about what features are usually seen in Memphis design.

Coffee table

Dining chair

TV unit

De Stijl

De Stijlfrom the Dutch for "The Style" was a Dutch artistic movement, founded in 1917. They

believed in abstraction by a reducing products to the essentials of form and colour ³they simplified

products to vertical and horizontal lines, and used only primary colours along with black and white. Rietveld wanted his furniture to be mass-produced rather than handcrafted, so he aimed to make simple product that could be easily made. Also, the pieces of wood that used in the Red Blue Chair are in the standard timbersizes that were readily available at the time, making it easy to buy materials to build them. Rietveld believed that there was a bigger goal for the furniture designer than just physical comfort: the well-being and comfort of the spirit. Rietveld and his de Stijl colleagues wanted to create a perfect world which they believed could renew Europe after the devastating turmoil of World War I. They thought that new forms and completely new products would help morale in the rebuilding of Europe. The Red and Blue Chairis a chairdesigned in 1917 by Gerrit Rietveld. It represents one of the first explorations by the De Stijlart movement in three dimensions. The original chair was constructed of unstained beech wood and was not painted until the early 1920s.A fellow member of De Stijland architect (Bart Van der Leck), saw his original model and suggested that he add bright colours.He built the new model of thinner wood and painted it entirely black with areas of primary colours attributed to De Stijlmovement. The effect of this colour scheme made the chair seem to almost disappear against the black walls and floor of the Schroder House, where it was later placed.The areas of colour appeared to float, giving it an almost transparent structure.An original example is on display at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City.

This is a prime

example of

Dutch artist, Piet

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(1872-1944) signature style that influenced the De Stijl movement.

TASK 4-DE STIJLAND THE RED AND BLUE

CHAIR-CASE STUDY

2.Where and when was De Stijlfounded?

3.What are the key features of the De Stijlstyle?

4.Who designed the Red and Blue Chair, and when was the first one made?

5.Who suggested that Gerrit Rietveldshould paint the chair?

6.What effect did the colours have on the chair?

7.What did Rietveld do to make sure his designs could be mass produced? (there

were two different things)

8.What else did Rietveld believe in, other than physical comfort? Why was this

very important at the time?

PHILIPPE STARCK

He is a famous present-day French Designer.

He has worked with a number of design groups, including one called Alessi-An Italian design company designing chairs and kitchenware and are known for creating striking and iconic designs for everyday products.

6PMUŃN·Vdesigns are typical of postmodernismand enjoys pushing the

boundaries of design with unusual form and ideas. -6PMUŃN·Vmost famous design was the Juicy SalifLemon Squeezer, made from cast aluminium. -The design has been greatly criticised due to its unusual form and its controversial style. -It is thought that the form of the product has meant the sacrifice of function: POH SURGXŃP ORRNV VPULNLQJ NXP LVQ·P SMUPLŃXOMUO\ HIILŃLHQP MP JHPPLQJ ÓXLŃH IURP lemons. However, the product is widely sold today. COMPARING A £1 LEMON JUICER VS £50 JUICY SALIF

Beside is a comparison between a £1 juicer

and 6PMUŃN·VJuicy Salif.

As you can see, the £1 juicer has an extra

tray to catch pips and skin from the lemon when squeezed. The white part where the lemon is squeezed is quite sharp, this means it can squeeze a lot of juice out.

In comparison, the Juicy SalifGRHVQ·P OMYH

any way to catch pips or skin, and the part when the lemon is placed is quite smooth, PHMQLQJ LP GRHVQ·P ŃXP LQPR POH OHPRQ PXŃO so not much juice is actually squeezed out.

Conclusion:

The £1 lemon juicerroducedmore juice and the pips / skin was caught in the tray that can be removed, and

cleaned separately.

The Salifproduced some lemon juice, but there were pips / skin in it. Was tricky to hold whilst using due to the

high centre of gravity.

TASK 5-STARCKAND JUICY SALIF²CASESTUDY

1.Who is Philippe Starckand what design groups has he worked with?

2.What design style is Philippe Starckknown for?

3.What is 6PMUŃN·Vmost famous design and why was it criticised?

4.When comparing the Juicy Salifto a £1 lemon juicer, it turned out that the £1

lemon juicer worked the best. Explaintwo reasons why the £1 lemon juicer worked better than the £50 JuiceySalif.

5.Why do you think someone would buy the £50 Juicy SalifLI LP GRHVQ·P RRUN

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