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This tutorial is designed for all those readers who are looking for a starting point to learn Lua. It has topics suitable for both beginners as well as

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Lua i Lua is an open source language built on top of C programming language. Lua has its value across multiple platforms ranging from large server systems to small mobile applications. This tutorial covers various topics ranging from the basics of Lua to its scope in various applications. This tutorial is designed for all those readers who are looking for a starting point to learn Lua. It has topics suitable for both beginners as well as advanced users. It is a self-contained tutorial and you should be able to grasp the concepts easily even if you are a total beginner. However it would help if you have a basic understanding of working with a simple text editor and command line.

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About the Tutorial ..................................................................................................................................... i

Audience .................................................................................................................................................... i

Prerequisites .............................................................................................................................................. i

Copyright & Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................. i

Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... ii

1. OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 1

Features .................................................................................................................................................... 1

How Lua is Implemented? ......................................................................................................................... 1

Learning Lua .............................................................................................................................................. 2

Some Uses of Lua ...................................................................................................................................... 2

2. ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................................................... 3

Try it Option Online .................................................................................................................................. 3

Local Environment Setup .......................................................................................................................... 3

Text Editor ................................................................................................................................................ 3

The Lua Interpreter ................................................................................................................................... 4

The Lua Compiler ...................................................................................................................................... 4

Installation on Windows ........................................................................................................................... 4

Installation on Linux.................................................................................................................................. 4

Installation on Mac OS X ........................................................................................................................... 5

Lua IDE ...................................................................................................................................................... 5

3. BASIC SYNTAX ....................................................................................................................... 7

First Lua Program ...................................................................................................................................... 7

Tokens in Lua ............................................................................................................................................ 8

Comments ................................................................................................................................................ 9

Lua iii

Identifiers ................................................................................................................................................. 9

Keywords .................................................................................................................................................. 9

Whitespace in Lua ................................................................................................................................... 10

4. VARIABLES .......................................................................................................................... 11

Variable Definition in Lua ........................................................................................................................ 11

Variable Declaration in Lua ..................................................................................................................... 12

Lvalues and Rvalues in Lua ...................................................................................................................... 13

5. DATA TYPES ........................................................................................................................ 14

Type Function ......................................................................................................................................... 14

6. OPERATORS ........................................................................................................................ 16

Arithmetic Operators .............................................................................................................................. 16

Relational Operators ............................................................................................................................... 17

Logical Operators .................................................................................................................................... 20

Misc Operators ....................................................................................................................................... 22

Operators Precedence in Lua .................................................................................................................. 22

7. LOOPS ................................................................................................................................. 25

while loop ............................................................................................................................................... 26

for loop ................................................................................................................................................... 27

repeat...until loop ................................................................................................................................... 29

nested loops ........................................................................................................................................... 31

Loop Control Statement .......................................................................................................................... 32

break statement ..................................................................................................................................... 33

The Infinite Loop ..................................................................................................................................... 34

8. DECISION MAKING .............................................................................................................. 35

if statement ............................................................................................................................................ 36

Lua iv

if...else statement ................................................................................................................................... 37

The if...else if...else Statement ................................................................................................................ 39

nested if statements ............................................................................................................................... 40

9. FUNCTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 42

Defining a Function ................................................................................................................................. 42

Function Arguments ................................................................................................................................ 43

Calling a Function .................................................................................................................................... 43

Assigning and Passing Functions ............................................................................................................. 44

Function with Variable Argument ........................................................................................................... 45

10. STRINGS .............................................................................................................................. 46

String Manipulation ................................................................................................................................ 47

Case Manipulation .................................................................................................................................. 48

Replacing a Substring .............................................................................................................................. 48

Finding and Reversing ............................................................................................................................. 49

Formatting Strings .................................................................................................................................. 49

Character and Byte Representations ....................................................................................................... 50

Other Common Functions ....................................................................................................................... 51

11. ARRAYS ............................................................................................................................... 52

One-Dimensional Array ........................................................................................................................... 52

Multi-Dimensional Array ......................................................................................................................... 53

12. ITERATORS .......................................................................................................................... 56

Generic For Iterator ................................................................................................................................ 56

Stateless Iterators ................................................................................................................................... 56

Stateful Iterators ..................................................................................................................................... 58

Lua v

13. TABLES ................................................................................................................................ 60

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 60

Representation and Usage ...................................................................................................................... 60

Table Manipulation ................................................................................................................................. 62

Table Concatenation ............................................................................................................................... 62

Insert and Remove .................................................................................................................................. 63

Sorting Tables ......................................................................................................................................... 64

14. MODULES ............................................................................................................................ 66

What is a Module? .................................................................................................................................. 66

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