Language test equivalence table_FINAL
15 juin 2015 NATO INTERNATIONAL STAFF. NATO IS. TEST. COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK LEVEL. DESCRIPTIONS. COE/ALTE. (Council of ... Language Testing. System).
Language test equivalence table_FINAL
15 juin 2015 NIVEAUX DE LANGUE - ÉQUIVALENCES. SECRÉTARIAT INTERNATIONAL DE L' ... Language Testing. System). TOEFL. (Paper Based). (Test of English as a.
LANGUAGE LEVEL EQUIVALENCES NATO INTERNATIONAL STAFF
29 juin 2011 ² Language test score equivalencies are approximate. Similar tables can be found on http://www.ets.org/toefl/insitutions/scores/guides/ http:// ...
Robotic Workcell
Recentt'y. the NATO sponsored workshop'on robot programming languages (Valz is equivalent to that of writing and installing system code (eg. de~ice ...
Ján Janikovič
Gas Turbine Transient Performance Modeling
for Engine Flight Path Cycle AnalysisSchool of Engineering
Gas Turbine Engineering Group
PhD Thesis
Supervisors: Prof. P. Pilidis, Prof. R. Singh
January 2010
CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY
School of Engineering
Gas Turbine Engineering Group
PhD Thesis
Ján Janikovič
Gas Turbine Transient Performance Modeling
for Engine Flight Path Cycle AnalysisSupervisors: Prof. P. Pilidis, Prof. R. Singh
January 2010
LABSTRACT
LLACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LLIST OF CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................ IV
LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................................X
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................ XIII
CHAPTER 1 ...............................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF TURBOMATCH CODE....................................................32.1 TURBOMATCH - HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......................................................................................3
2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE ORIGINAL CODE................................................................................................5
2.3 TURBOMATCH CODE CLEAN-UP.........................................................................................................8
2.3.1 Irrelevant Comments Removal...................................................................................................9
2.3.2 Shadow Routines Removal.......................................................................................................10
2.3.3 Shadow Variables Removal .....................................................................................................10
2.3.4 Files List Sequence Change.....................................................................................................10
2.3.5 Portability and Compatibility ..................................................................................................10
2.3.6 NLE System Solver Update......................................................................................................11
2.3.7 Tolerances of Permissible Errors in Internal Iteration Loops of the Routines........................14
2.3.8 General Minor Corrections .....................................................................................................14
2.3.9 The Initial Debugging..............................................................................................................15
2.4 ENGINE CYCLE TESTING PROGRAM..................................................................................................16
2.4.1 Thermodynamics......................................................................................................................17
2.4.2 Component Maps.....................................................................................................................18
2.4.3 Steady State Engine Performance Modeling Methodology......................................................21
2.4.4 Off-design Procedure for One-spool Turbojet.........................................................................24
2.4.5 Simgaen and Turbojet Off-design Engine Model Comparison ................................................30
2.4.6 Conclusion on Simgaen Development......................................................................................32
2.5 THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE TURBOMATCH LEGACY, INTERMEDIATE AND TR VERSIONS........32
2.5.1 Solution Analysis......................................................................................................................33
2.5.2 New Methods in the Turbomatch TR Version..........................................................................35
2.5.3 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................37
CHAPTER 3 TRANSIENT PERFORMANCE....................................................................................38
3.1 VOLUME DYNAMICS.........................................................................................................................41
3.1.1 Constant Mass Flow Method...................................................................................................44
3.1.2 Intercomponent Volume Method..............................................................................................44
3.1.3 Heat Storage............................................................................................................................46
3.2 RAPID TRANSIENT PERFORMANCE METHOD.....................................................................................49
3.2.1 Original Method.......................................................................................................................50
3.2.2 Turbomatch Adaptation...........................................................................................................51
3.2.3 Rapid Transient Performance Method of a Two-spool Gas Turbine Engine...........................52
3.2.4 Method Peculiarities................................................................................................................60
3.2.5 The Algorithm Test on Single Spool Turbojet..........................................................................61
3.2.6 Flow Segment...........................................................................................................................68
3.3 THERMODYNAMIC MATCHING TRANSIENT METHOD TURBOMATCH ADAPTATION..........................75
3.3.1 Volume Dynamics Variables....................................................................................................79
3.3.2 Fuel Control in Transient Operation.......................................................................................80
3.3.3 Transient Performance Test Studies ........................................................................................84
3.4 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................98
CHAPTER 4 THE TURBOMATCH QUICKSTART.......................................................................101
4.1 PROGRAM INSTALLATION...............................................................................................................101
4.2 ENGINE MODEL INPUT FILE............................................................................................................103
4.3 TRANSIENT INPUT FILE...................................................................................................................108
4.3.1 The Title Section ....................................................................................................................108
4.3.2 CODEIN - CODEND Input Sequence...................................................................................109
4.3.3 Fuel Schedule Table...............................................................................................................110
4.3.4 Table of Times To Plot...........................................................................................................112
4.3.5 Variation of Brick Data and Station Vectors during Transient Performance........................112
4.4 A STEP BY STEP GUIDE HOW TO PRODUCE TRANSIENT CURVES....................................................113
CHAPTER 5 ENGINE MODELING AND FLIGHT PATH ANALYSIS.......................................1185.1 THE MOTIVATION FOR FLIGHT PATH ANALYSIS STUDY.................................................................118
5.1.1 Aircraft Operating Costs Analysis.........................................................................................119
5.1.2 Flight Path Analysis Project Definition.................................................................................121
5.2 ENGINE MODELING FOR FPA .........................................................................................................123
5.2.1 The Engine Model of a Two-Spool Turbofan.........................................................................124
5.2.2 Engine Performance ..............................................................................................................125
5.3 THE AIRCRAFT MODEL...................................................................................................................127
5.4 FLIGHT PATH DEFINITION AND MODELING.....................................................................................130
5.4.1 Airport Data...........................................................................................................................130
5.4.2 Flight Data.............................................................................................................................131
5.4.3 Original Hermes Take-off Modeling......................................................................................131
5.4.4 Hermes Take-off and Landing Model update.........................................................................132
5.5 FPA CASE STUDIES........................................................................................................................134
5.5.1 Take-off Derate - Steady State Analysis................................................................................134
5.5.2 Take-off Derate - Transient Analysis ....................................................................................139
CHAPTER 6 THE HEAT EXCHANGER MODEL..........................................................................141
6.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................141
6.1.1 The Effect of an Intercooler...................................................................................................141
6.1.2 The Effect of a Recuperator...................................................................................................142
6.1.3 The Applications of Intercooled-Recuperated Technology....................................................142
6.2 ICR ENGINE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE MODELING........................................................................146
6.2.1 Basic Consideration of the ICR Transient Performance Method ..........................................146
6.2.2 The Classification of Heat Exchanger ...................................................................................147
6.2.3 Requirements on Transient Algorithm...................................................................................149
6.3 THE HEAT EXCHANGER ALGORITHM FOR GAS TURBINE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE SIMULATION.150
6.3.1 The Design Point Model ........................................................................................................150
6.3.2 The Sizing Model....................................................................................................................154
6.3.3 Off-design Model ...................................................................................................................157
6.3.4 The Transient Heat Exchanger Model...................................................................................159
6.4 IN-BUILT HEAT EXCHANGER MODEL TESTING...............................................................................161
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................165
CHAPTER 8 FUTURE RESEARCH PERSPECTIVE.....................................................................168
8.1 LANGUAGE SELECTION...................................................................................................................168
8.2 FUEL CONTROL ALGORITHM..........................................................................................................170
8.3 DEEPER INSIGHT INTO RECUPERATOR TRANSIENT MODEL.............................................................170
8.4 DYNAMIC INTERCONNECTION OF FLIGHT PARAMETERS WITH TRANSIENT ALGORITHM..................170
LAPPENDIXES ........................................................................................................................................178
Appendix 2.1 Examples on Source Code Clean-ups.......................................................................178
Appendix 2.2...................................................................................................................................181
Appendix 2.3 Arithmetic Operation Precision Demonstration.......................................................182
Appendix 2.4...................................................................................................................................183
Appendix 2.5...................................................................................................................................184
Appendix 2.6 Compressor and Turbine Maps Used in Simgaen.....................................................185
Appendix 2.7 Compressor Maps Used in Turbomatch ...................................................................186
Appendix 2.8 Turbine Maps Used in Turbomatch..........................................................................188
Appendix 2.9 Beta Lines .................................................................................................................190
Appendix 2.10 Turbomatch Variables and Errors..........................................................................192
Appendix 2.11 Turbojet Model Design Point..................................................................................194
Appendix 2.12 The Comparison of Turbojet Off-design Model Results..........................................196
Appendix 2.13 Scaling Technique Comparison between Simgaen and Turbomatch......................198Appendix 2.14: RR Avon 300 Engine Input File for Turbomatch TR .............................................201
Appendix 2.15 RR Avon 300 Off-design Analysis in Turbomatch Legacy and TR version.............203Appendix 2.16 Compressor Outlet Total Temperature Code Snippet.............................................204
Appendix 3.1 The Disturbances at Initial Steps of Transient Simulation........................................205
Appendix 3.2 NodeType variables ..................................................................................................206
Appendix 3.3 Transient Performance of One Spool Gas Generator with Power Turbine..............207Appendix 3.4 Transient Performance of a Two-spool Turbofan.....................................................209
Appendix 3.5 Transient Performance of a Three-spool Turbofan ..................................................210
Appendix 5.1...................................................................................................................................211
Appendix 5.2 Engine Mass Flow Diagram.....................................................................................211
Appendix 5.3 Flow Chart of an Engine Model Used for Short Haul Flight Analysis.....................212
Appendix 5.4...................................................................................................................................213
Appendix 6.1 The Turbomatch Model of ICR Engine.....................................................................214
LL
NOMENCLATURE
C C CЋYΜΞ
ЋYΜΞ
LIST OF FIGURES
-LLLLIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TURBOMATCH CODE
2.1 Turbomatch - Historical Background
2.2 Description of the Original Code
2.3 Turbomatch Code Clean-up
2.3.1 Irrelevant Comments Removal
2.3.2 Shadow Routines Removal
2.3.3 Shadow Variables Removal
2.3.4 Files List Sequence Change
2.3.5 Portability and Compatibility
2.3.6 NLE System Solver Update
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