[PDF] Untitled 02-Jul-2013 Despite the

View - Download Untitled

Previous PDF

Next PDF

Environmental Governance in Latin America

Environmental

Governance in Latin

America

Edited by

Fábio de Castro

Barbara Hogenboom

Michiel Baud

Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Selection, introduction and editorial matter © Fábio de Castro,

Barbara Hogenboom and Michiel Baud 2016

Individual chapters © Respective authors 2016

Afterword © Eduardo Silva 2016

The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Open access:

Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To

First published 2016 by

PALGRAVE MACMILLAN

Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,

Hampshire RG21 6XS.

Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martins Press LLC,

175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.

Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world.

Palgrave

®and Macmillan®are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN

978-1-137-57408-4

DOI 10.1057/9781137505729E-PDF ISBN 978-1-137-50572-9

Contents

List of Figures and Tablesvii

Prefaceviii

List of Contributorsxi

Introduction:Environment and Society in Contemporary

Latin America1

Fábio de Castro, Barbara Hogenboom and Michiel Baud

Part I Setting the Stage

1 Origins and Perspectives of Latin American

Environmentalism29

Joan Martinez-Alier, Michiel Baud and Héctor Sejenovich

2 Social Metabolism and Conflicts over Extractivism58

Joan Martinez-Alier and Mariana Walter

3 Indigenous Knowledge in Mexico: Between

Environmentalism and Rural Development86

Mina Kleiche-Dray and Roland Waast

Part II New Politics of Natural Resources

4 The Government of Nature: Post-Neoliberal

Environmental Governance in Bolivia and Ecuador113

Pablo Andrade A.

5 Changing Elites, Institutions and Environmental

Governance137

Benedicte Bull and Mariel Aguilar-Støen

6 Water-Energy-Mining and Sustainable Consumption:

Views of South American Strategic Actors164

Cristián Parker, Gloria Baigorrotegui and Fernando Estenssoro

7 Overcoming Poverty Through Sustainable Development 186

Héctor Sejenovich

v viContents

Part III New Projects of Environmental Governance

8 Forest Governance in Latin America: Strategies for

Implementing REDD205

Mariel Aguilar-Støen, Fabiano Toni and Cecilie Hirsch

9 Rights, Pressures and Conservation in Forest Regions of

Mexico234

Leticia Merino

10 Local Solutions for Environmental Justice257

David Barkin and Blanca Lemus

11 Community Consultations: Local Responses to Large-Scale

Mining in Latin America287

Mariana Walter and Leire Urkidi

Afterword

: From Sustainable Development to Environmental

Governance326

Eduardo Silva

Index336

Figures and Tables

Figures

2.1 Latin America physical trade deficit in million tonnes,

1970-200862

2.2 Argentina"s physical and monetary external trade flows,

1970-200964

2.3 Physical trade balance of Colombia, 1990-201165

2.4 Domestic extraction in Argentina, 1970-200967

2.5 Domestic extraction in Latin America by major category

of material, 1970-200871

8.1 Latin American countries in relation to their

participation in REDD and the phased approach210

9.1 National annual budget of CONAFOR according to

different forest-related projects in Mexico (in million pesos), 2001-2008241

Tables

2.1 General conversion factors of gross ore versus metal

content and ore concentrate72

4.1 Income capture in Bolivia and Ecuador124

4.2 Environmental administration in Bolivia and Ecuador 129

6.1 Reference cases167

6.2 Overview of signifying content in the discourse models 171

9.1 Different uses of forest by community residents in

Mexico242

9.2 Indices of forest communities" performance244

11.1 Mining consultations in the context of active mining

conflicts, 2002-2012293

11.2 Guatemalan wave of preventative consultations against

mining activities, 2005-2012297 vii OPEN

Preface

This book is the result of the collaborative research project Environ- mental Governance in Latin America (ENGOV) funded by the European Union (EU). For four years, a team of experts from ten Latin American and European academic institutions investigated how environmen- tal governance is currently being shaped in Latin America. In this joint effort, we were driven by our concerns about widespread eco- logical degradation, poverty and injustice, as well as by our curiosity about the ways in which the emergence of new political regimes and elites, and innovative steps by communities and social organizations, affects governance practices and nature-society relations. To under- stand the possibilities and obstacles for sustainable and equitable natural resource use, a range of case-studies were carried out in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Mexico. Although some of the research topics and cases are not included in this volume, their findings have contributed to the discussions and theoretical reflections in the overall analysis. The ENGOV project has been simultaneously challenging and inspir- ing. The theme of environmental governance is a huge academic enter- prise because it addresses complex social relations, practices and views influencing how societies perceive nature and use natural resources. Combining methods and theories from different fields of the social sciences is a prerequisite which in practice is fairly demanding. Further- more, by encompassing political, economic, cultural and environmental changes, formal as well as informal arrangements, and cross-scale con- nections, the study of environmental governance can easily become a 'mission impossible". Arguably this is even more the case for contem- porary Latin America, with its variety of local and national conditions facing rapid-paced changes. Finally, collaborating in an international research consortium of ten institutional partners and more than 25 researchers from different disciplines, schools of thought and genera- tions has also proved to be both daring and rewarding. The fact that we spoke in different academic languages and idiom accents was not only a hurdle to tackle during our group discussions, but also forced us to learn from each other"s approaches and convictions, and the founda- tions on which these are based. As a typical governance process, next viii

Prefaceix

to misunderstandings, dissonances and unbridgeable differences, the exchange of different insights and perspectives proved to bring about refreshing debates and new understandings, nuances and agreements. Without the ambition to provide a full overview of the environmental governance in Latin America, we have tried to identify key fields for research, with an emphasis on new trends or structural problems that deserve more academic attention. The new insights from each piece of research contributed to the development of analytical frameworks to analyse the multiple interconnected processes shaping environmental governance in the region. This volume is the result of this intricate, collaborative exercise. For the realization of this book, several people and institutions have been indispensable. It would not have been possible without the extensive support of the EU. Financed under the Seventh Frame- work Programme, ENGOV enabled the consortium to develop important new research on environmental governance in Latin America and the Caribbean, resulting in a long list of publications. We are particu- larly thankful for the professional guidance of Philippe Keraudren and Cristina Marcuzzo of the Social Sciences and Humanities division of the

Research and Innovation Directorate General.

We would also like to thank the institutions participating in ENGOV for their financial and administrative support, including their direc- tors and the employees who directly assisted the project: Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO), Institut de Ciència i Tecnología Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ICTA- UAB), Institute de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo (SUM- UiO), Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade de Brasília (CDS-UnB), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco (UAM-Xoc), Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (IDEA-USACH), Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani (IIGG) and Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Quito (UASB-SQ). We are grateful to our colleagues from CLACSO, and in particular to Fernanda Saforcada and Guadalupe Rudy, for their continuous sup- port during the project. We also thank the University of Amsterdam, which hosts our own Centre for Latin American Research and Docu- mentation (CEDLA) and was very supportive of ENGOV, in particular Jan Jacob Sikkema and Bea Krenn. At CEDLA, the solid project sup- port by Leontien Cremers requires a special mention. Her accurate and cheerful involvement, including the preparation of the Index of this volume, has made a difference both for CEDLA"s ENGOV coordination xPreface team and for all the consortium members. We would also like to thank María Barrachina for kindly granting permission to use her photo- graph on the front cover. We are also most grateful to the members of ENGOV"s international advisory board, who have offered insightful comments on the draft chapters: Anthony Bebbington (Clark Univer- sity and University of Manchester), Alberto Cimadamore (University of Amerikanisches Institut), Leticia Merino Pérez (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), Pedro Roberto Jacobi (Universidade de São Paulo) and Eduardo Silva (Tulane University). In addition, we are grateful to all the scholars and students who have contributed to the discussions at different ENGOV meetings. Last but not least, we are very grateful to the key project researchers, not only for the chapter they have contributed but also for their criti- cal input to other draft chapters and their commitment to the ENGOV project. With them, we hope this book will inspire both researchers engaged in the environmental governance debate in Latin America and young scholars and non-academic readers interested in understanding the complex society-nature relations in the contemporary world. Fábio de Castro, Barbara Hogenboom and Michiel Baud Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Contributors

Mariel Aguilar-Støenis a political ecologist and senior researcher at

SUM-UiO, Norway.

Pablo Andrade A.is a political scientist and professor at UASB-SQ,

Ecuador.

Gloria Baigorroteguiis an industrial engineer and junior researcher at

IDEA-USACH, Chile.

David Barkinis an economist and professor at UAM-Xoc, Mexico. Michiel Baudis a historian and director of CEDLA, and professor of

Latin American Studies at UvA, The Netherlands.

Benedicte Bullis a political scientist and professor at SUM-UiO,

Norway.

Fábio de Castrois a political ecologist and assistant professor of Brazilian Studies and Human Ecology at CEDLA, UvA, The Netherlands. Fernando Estenssoro Saavedrais a historian and senior researcher at

IDEA-USACH, Chile.

Cecilie Hirschis a human geographer and PhD candidate at SUM-UiO,

Norway.

Barbara Hogenboomis a political scientist and Associate Professor of

Political Science at CEDLA, UvA, The Netherlands.

Mina Kleiche-Drayis a historian and senior researcher at IRD, France. Blanca Lemusis a physician specialized in labour and environment, and a visiting researcher at UAM-Xoc, Mexico. Joan Martinez-Alieris an economic historian and professor of Economic History and Institutions in the Department of Economics and

Economic History at UAB, Spain.

xi xiiList of Contributors Leticia Merinois an anthropologist and professor at the Instituto de

Investigaciones Sociales at UNAM, México.

Cristián Parkeris a sociologist and director of IDEA-USACH, Chile. Héctor Sejenovichis a political economist and senior researcher at IIGG and professor of Social Sciences and Environment at UBA, Argentina. Eduardo Silvais a political scientist and Lydian Chair professor in the School of Liberal Arts at Tulane University, New Orleans, USA. Fabiano Toniis a political scientist and associate professor at CDS-UnB,

Brazil.

Leire Urkidiis an environmental scientist and researcher at the EKOPOL at EPV/EHU, Spain. Roland Waastis a sociologist and engineer at the École Polytechnique de Paris, France. Mariana Walteris a political ecologist and postdoctoral researcher at

ICTA-UAB, Spain.

OPEN

Introduction: Environment and

Society in Contemporary Latin

America

Fábio de Castro, Barbara Hogenboom and Michiel Baud

Introduction

Societal change in Latin America is intimately related to nature and natural resources. In this resource-rich region, nature-society relations provide both opportunities and challenges in achieving more fair, equi- table and sustainable development. Nearly half of the world"s tropical forests are found in the region, next to several other natural biomes, which together carry a wealth of biodiversity. It holds one-third of the world"s freshwater reserves and one-quarter of the potential arable land. And despite five centuries of extractive activities to serve global mar- kets, the region still holds large volumes of important mineral reserves, including oil, gas, iron, copper and gold (Bovarnick, Alpizar and Schnell,

2010). On the other hand, this "biodiversity superpower" has seen a

fast rate of biodiversity loss, increasing ecosystem degradation and one- third of the world"s carbon emissions, mostly a result of the expansion of extractive activities and land-use change (UNEP, 2012). Together, these economic and ecological developments affect a large number of different social groups in all Latin American countries, primarily in rural areas but also in cities. Next to mobilizations and conflicts that attract national and international attention, there are numerous local socioenvironmental tensions that lead to longstanding economic prob- lems and social injustice. Although these tensions have been part of the region"s history, the accelerated pace of change, the spatial scale of impact, and the widening of social and conservation demands all point to the urgency of Latin America"s current environmental challenges (Baud, Castro and Hogenboom, 2011). Since Latin America"s insertion into the world system, the extrac- tion of natural resources has been central to its economic, social 1

2Environment and Society

and political development. This has led to continuous tensions and antagonisms about access to natural resources, the distribution and use of revenues, and the distribution, compensation and preven- tion of environmental and social costs (Alimonda, 2011). In Latin America, issues of poverty, inequality and environmental protection are thus closely intertwined. Despite academic studies showing the risks of being a global provider of foodstuffs, energy, metals and environmental services without appropriate institutional arrangements, not much progress has been made in successfully tackling problems of underdevelopment (Bunker, 1988), impoverishment/marginalization (Martinez-Alier, 2002), inequality (Therborn, 2011), accumulation by dispossession (Harvey, 2003), and disempowerment and dependency in rural communities (Painter and Durham, 1995). After a long history of elite capture and foreign exploitation of Latin American mines, agrarian lands and, later, oil and gas resources, social and political forces started to push forward reforms such as the nationalization of oil and metals, and the distribution of land in the twentieth century. Nevertheless, access to resources, revenues and power remained unequally distributed at local, national and international lev- els. The neoliberal regimes of the late twentieth century went against previous redistributive policies (Liverman and Vilas, 2006). This period was marked by greater attention to both environmental protection and decentralized decision-making (Larson, 2003). However, restricted funding and liberalized markets limited the potential to break with historically established patterns. This new environmental, social and institutional context also changed environmental governance in Latin America. Both in rural and urban areas, poor citizens became more vulnerable due to environmen- tal degradation and the increased intensity and frequency of climate disasters, including droughts, flooding, hurricanes and glacier retreat (Rios and Veiga, 2010). In many countries, especially in South America, a new phase of widespread civic discontent and mobilization of groups against exclusion, poverty, inequality and technocratic policies started in the 1990s (Harris, 2003). While many groups only called for socioe- conomic redistribution, indigenous movements, landless farmers and environmental organizations also demanded different policies towards land and nature (Carruthers, 2008; Urkidi and Walter, 2011; Latta and

Whitmann, 2012).

Since the turn of the twenty-first century, Latin America has expe- rienced radical developments that have changed the dynamics of Fábio de Castro, Barbara Hogenboom and Michiel Baud3 environmental governance. As will be discussed in greater detail laterquotesdbs_dbs24.pdfusesText_30

[PDF] Evaluation : La respiration

[PDF] EVAL SUCCESSION DE REGIMES

[PDF] EVALUATION DE GRANDEURS ET MESURES - CM1 Les angles

[PDF] EVALUATION CM2 n°2 de S

[PDF] Evaluation volcanisme - Académie de Nancy-Metz

[PDF] CLASSE : 5ème CONTROLE sur le chapitre : PRISMES ET

[PDF] Séquence : LE SURRÉALISME : UNE VISION DU RÉEL

[PDF] Niveau de classe : 3ème Partie de programme : Unité et diversité

[PDF] Évaluation - Sciences ac Bordeaux

[PDF] evaluation 5e SVT - Travailler ? développer des compétences ?

[PDF] Des exemples d 'évaluation par compétence en classe de 6ème

[PDF] Evaluation du chapitre « L 'occupation du milieu au cours des

[PDF] Microsoft PowerPoint - les synonymes CE1 [Mode de compatibilit\351]

[PDF] Vocabulaire CM1 : Synonymes/Antonymes - MA MAITRESSE DE

[PDF] L 'évaluation en Bac Pro - Lyon