[PDF] CLARIFYING THE USES OF HEATING VALUES





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CLARIFYING THE USES OF HEATING VALUES 1

CLARIFYING THE USES OF HEATING VALUES

by Jun Sian Lee, edited by Professor Anthony K. Lau

ABSTRACT

Because heating value of fuels is described in many mass basis and thermodynamic conditions, the heating terms used in peer-reviewed literatures and reports have not been consistent. This short note aims to define and clarify the different uses of four most commonly used heating value terms, which are high heating value (HHV) or gross calorific value (GCV), low heating value (LHV), gross heating value (GHV) and net calorific value or net heating value (NCV or NHV), in the context of biomass fuels. Keywords: Heating values, calorific values, biomass 1.

INTRODUCTION

Heating value of fuel is defined

as the energy released per unit mass of fuel in a complete combu stion with oxygen. The need of the terms: high heating value and low heating value comes from the different end states of water [1]. The two end states of water, which we are concerned about, are liquid and vapour states. The water in the final product comes from two sources: the existing moisture in the fuel and the water product of the combustion. Therefore, before the difference s between the two states can be explained, the process of complete combustion must be explained. All biomass fuels, such as wood, straw, charcoal and others, contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which are described in this chemical formula ܥ . In a complete combustion, organic fuels react with oxygen molecules in the atmosphere to form two products: carbon dioxide ܱܥ and water ܪ 2 the heat released are used to vaporize the existing moisture in the fuel and the water product.

Chemical equation (Eq. 1) below gives

the general form of complete combustion reaction of organic fuels. +ቀ2ݔ+ 2 2 (1) Because all combustion reactions occur at temperatures above the boiling temperature of water, both the existing water of the fuel and the water product are in the vapour state after the combustion process. In a bomb calorimeter a device to measure the heating value of fuels, the water in vapour state (both existing moisture and water product) is cooled and condensed to room temperature [3,4]. As a result, the heat of condensation is recovered. All the heat of combustion are measured by the bomb calorimeter. The total heat of combustion measured by a bomb calorimeter per unit mass is called quotesdbs_dbs31.pdfusesText_37
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