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AP* COMPARATIVE

GOVERNMENT AND

POLITICS:

AN ESSENTIAL COURSEBOOK

SEVENTH EDITION

by Ethel Wood

WoodYard Publications

*AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Exa mination Board which was not involved in the production of and does not endorse this book. AP Comparative Government and Politics: An Essential Coursebook, Seventh Edi- tion

Published by

WoodYard Publications

285 Main Street

Germantown, NY 12526

Ph. 610-207-1366

Fax 610-372-8401

ejw@woodyardpublications.com http://woodyardpublications.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmit ted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, record- ing or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the author, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review.

Copyright 2015 by Ethel Wood

ISBN 978-0-9895395-5-5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

.....................7 PART ONE: CONCEPTS.......................................................... .....11 Chapter One: Introduction to Comparative Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach..................................................... ..12 Questions for Concepts for Comparison..........................................82 PART TWO: COUNTRY CASES..................................................93 Advanced Democracies.................................................... ..............94 Chapter Two: Government and Politics in Britain.............................99 Questions for Britain................................................... ....................157 Chapter Three: The European Union..............................................167 Questions for the European Union........................................ ..........187 Communist and Post-Communist Regimes.................................191 Chapter Four: Government and Politics in Russia......................... .198 Questions for Russia.................................................... ....................259 Chapter Five: Government and Politics in China..............................270 Questions for China..................................................... ....................329 Newly Industrializing and Less Developed Countries................340 Chapter Six: Government and Politics in Mexico...........................350 Questions for Mexico.................................................... ..................406 Chapter Seven: Government and Politics in Iran...........................416 Questions for Iran...................................................... ......................472 Chapter Eight: Government and Politics in Nigeria....................... .482 Questions for Nigeria................................................... ...................534 PART THREE: SAMPLE EXAMINATIONS............................545 Sample Examination One.................................................. ..............546 Sample Examination Two................................................................566 MASTER CHARTS...................................................................... .584 .........................588Why Comparative Government and Politics? I taught social studies classes for many years, mostly at Princeton High School in Princeton, New Jersey. Like most social studies teachers, my experience included classes in United States history and govern ment. I have also published review books, textbooks, readers, and web materials that have required me to do extensive research in vari ous types of American studies. Needless to say, I believe that an edu cation in these areas is incredibly important for high school students, and every secondary curriculum should include them. So why is com The 21st century has taught us that we cannot ignore the world around us. Happenings around the globe now directly impact our lives, and social studies teachers and students around the country face the chal lenge of interpreting complex, puzzling events. The AP comparative course focuses on government and politics in other countries and pro vides a theoretical framework to compare political systems around the world. It is my hope that this book will help students to grasp some thing of the political complexities of our global environment, and gain some understanding of both commonalities and differences among modern political systems. In today's world, we cannot afford not to know.

Ethel Wood

Germantown, NY

October 2015

Other Books by Ethel Wood

American Government: A Complete Coursebook

AP European History: An Essential Coursebook, 1st and 2nd editions AP Human Geography: A Study Guide, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd editions AP United States History: An Essential Coursebook,

1st and 2nd

editions AP World History: An Essential Coursebook, 1st and 2nd editions

The Immigrants: An Historical Reader

Introduction to Sociology

Multiple Choice and Free-Response Questions in Preparation for the AP United States Government and Politics Examination, editions 1-7 Multiple Choice and Free-Response Questions in Preparation for the

AP World History Examination, editions 1 and 2

Teacher's Guide - AP Comparative Government and Politics The Best Test Preparation for the Graduate Record Examination in

Political Science

The Presidency: An Historical ReaderPREFACE: THE COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND

POLITICS EXAMINATION

The AP Comparative Government and Politics Examination adminis- tered by the College Board in May lasts for two hours and 25 minutes and consists of the following parts:

55 multiple-choice questions (45 minutes allowed; 50% of AP grade)

a 100-minute free response section consisting of 8 questions (50% of AP grade) The multiple-choice questions cover all the topics listed below, and test knowledge of comparative theory, methods, and government and politics in Britain, Russia, China, Mexico, Iran, and Nigeria. On the exam, the College Board no longer subtracts one-fourth of the num ber of questions answered incorrectly from the number of questions answered correctly to come up with your score. Since there is no penalty for guessing, it is advisable to answer all questions the best that you can.

The free-response questions are of three types:

tion in one or more of the six core countries.

Conceptual analysis (one question; 25% of free-response politics, explain important relationships, or discuss the causes and implications of politics and policy.

Country context (two questions; 50% of free-response grade; -tries, and require students to use core concepts to analyze

one country or compare two countries. minutes; for the conceptual analysis question, 30 minutes; and for each of the two country context questions, 20 minutes. However, there are no time divisions among the free-response questions. Instead, a total of 100 minutes is allotted to answer all of them. Generally, multiple-choice questions are distributed fairly evenly among the six countries. In addition, many questions are not country- to the College Board, the topics of the multiple choice questions are distributed as follows: Introduction (methods, purpose of comparisons).............................5% Sovereignty, Authority, and Power.................................................20% Political Institutions.................................................. .....................35% Citizens, Society, and State............................................................1 5% Political and Economic Change........................................... ..........15% Public Policy........................................................................ ...........10%

This newly revised 7th Edition of

AP Comparative Government and

Politics: An Essential Coursebook

is designed to help you prepare for the exam by giving you a sound footing in comparative concepts as book is divided into three parts: Part One - Introduction to Comparative Government and Poli- tics: A Conceptual Approach Part Two - Country Cases: Advanced Democracies (Great Brit- ain), Communist and Post-Communist Regimes (Russia and Chi na), and Less-Developed and Newly-Developing Countries (Mex ico, Iran, and Nigeria)

Part Three - Practice Examinations: Two complete practice ex-ams, each with 55 multiple-choice questions and 8 free-response

questions Your best preparation for the exam is to know your stuff. The ques- tions do require reading and writing skills, but the surer you are of the material, the more likely you are to answer the questions correctly. This book provides the concepts and information, as well as plenty of practice questions that will prepare you for the exam. The most important things are that you learn something about comparative gov ernment and politics, and that you learn to love it, too!

PART ONE:

CONCEPTS FOR COMPARISONS

10 CONCEPTS FOR COMPARISONCONCEPTS FOR COMPARISON 11

Comparative government and politics provides an introduction to the wide, diverse world of governments and political practices that exist it also emphasizes an understanding of conceptual tools and methods that form a framework for comparing almost any governments that exist today. Additionally, it requires students to go beyond individual political systems to consider international forces that affect all people in the world, often in very different ways. Six countries form the core of the course: Great Britain, Russia, China, Mexico, Iran, and more importantly, to illustrate how important concepts operate both similarly and differently in different types of political systems: "ad vanced" democracies, communist and post-communist countries, and newly-industrialized and less-developed nations. This book includes review materials for all six countries.

Goals for the course include:

Gaining an understanding of major comparative political con- cepts, themes, and trends

Knowing important facts about government and politics in Great Britain, Russia, China, Mexico, Iran, and Nigeria

Identifying patterns of political processes and behavior and analyzing their political and economic consequences

Comparing and contrasting political institutions and processes across countriesAnalyzing and interpreting basic data for comparing political systems

WHAT IS COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS?

Most people understand that the term

government is a reference to the leadership and institutions that make policy decisions for a coun try. However, what exactly is politics?

Politics is basically all about

as we look at different countries, we are not only concerned about the ins and outs of how the government works; we will also look at how power is gained, managed, challenged, and maintained. College-level courses in comparative government and politics vary in style and organization, but they all cover topics that enable meaning- ful comparisons across countries. These topics are introduced in the pages that follow, and will be addressed in greater depth when each of the countries is covered separately.

The topics are:

The Comparative Method

Sovereignty, Authority, and Power

Political and Economic Change

Citizens, Society, and the State

Political Institutions

Public Policy

TOPIC ONE: THE COMPARATIVE METHOD

Political scientists sometimes argue about exactly what countries should be studied and how they should be compared. One approach is to emphasize empirical data based on factual statements and sta- tistics, and another is to focus on normative issues that require value

12 CONCEPTS FOR COMPARISONCONCEPTS FOR COMPARISON 13

ing information about Gross National Product, per capita income, and amounts of imports and exports. The second approach builds on those facts to focus instead on whether or not the statistics bode well or ill for the countries. Empiricists might claim that it is not the role of po litical scientists to make such judgments, and their critics would reply that the empirical approach alone leads to meaningless data collection. The approaches give us different but equally important tools for ana lyzing and comparing political systems. As with research in any social science, comparative government and ate data. After reviewing earlier research, researchers formulate a hy pothesis , a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more factors known as variables.

Variables are measurable traits

or characteristics that change under different conditions. For example, the poverty level in a country may change over time. One question that a comparative researcher might ask is, "Why are poverty ratesquotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20

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