Chapter 13 PDF Understand how electronic computers evolved

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Chapter 13

Understand how electronic computers evolved during the Fourth generation of computers. • IBM PC and Pentium. • Greatly reduced power dissipation space and.

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Chapter 01: Introduction

Lesson 05:

Evolution of Computers Part 5ņ

Objective

Understand how electronic computers evolved

during the Fourth generation of computers rd

Fourth generation Electronic Systems

1975 onwards

Very Large scale Transistor Integrated circuits

(VLSIs) evolved for electronic circuits of

Very Very Large scale Transistor Integrated

circuits (VVLSIs) evolved for electronic

Fourth generation computer systems

VLSI s and VVLSIs

IC with 1000001000000 electronic logic gates

a very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuit

IC with 100000010000000 electronic logic

circuit

The 4th generation Computer

A microprocessor consisting of CPU, cache, and

bus interfacing unit

A computer consisting of the microprocessor,

monitor, mouse, keyboard, pen drives, hard disks, CD drives, floppy diskettes, and Ethernet

4th Generation of Computers

Examples

IBM PC 1980 onwards

Pentium 1992 onwards

4th Generation Computer

Single VLSI CPU chip as microprocessor

Cache memory

Large number of registers of 16

Large

128 MB chips) as main memory

4th Generation Computer

A large number of executable opcodes (distinct

instruction)

Addition and subtraction, multiplication and

numbers and on multiple data types with multiple word sizes (8

4th Generation Computer

The concepts of pipelining, super

multi instructions

Pipeline

Processing time of the execution unit operating

at faster clock rate in case of multiple instructions at the pipeline, each at a distinct

4th Generation Computer

Programming in assembly and as well as in

many high

COBOL, PASCAL, C, C++, Java, J2EE, .net, ...

Operating systems and software

Program

Input

Devices,

IO processors

drive, CD drives and printers, mouse, ... CPU

Registers,

Caches and

Unit e

64 GBs+

Disks, 800

MB CDs,

MB chips

IC memory

each

CPU Execution Unit

YRegisters, Index Registers, Segment Registers,

YControl memory (Missing in RISCs and Stack

YPipelines

YParallel Pipelines

IR, ID,

ALU, FLPU,

0-n, Extended

0-nSR, Flags, EFlags,

SP, IP, SI, DI, SS, DS, CS,

ES, ....

CPU

CPU Registers

IBM PC

VLSI IC reduction in circuit space

requirements

Assumeņ 2

There will be a reduction in circuit space

Greatly Reduced Power Dissipation

Assumeņ A

Now assume a 0.13 m VVLSI gates operate

at 2V and 10 nA

Reduction in power dissipation by factor of

20 W/20 nW = 1000 times/gate

Greatly Enhanced Main Memory Needs

Large programs need 512 M words, each of 32

Number of transistors required for words

An LSI IC stores 1024 bits; therefore, the

Greatly Reduced Memory ICs Size

A VVLSI chip introduced in 1992 stored 16

Therefore, for 16MB/(16 Mbit) = 8, only 8

A memory stick in digital camera 8 GB in 2008

Greatly Reduced Space

Let an LSI IC have 1000 transistors in 0.4 cm

Assume a 1 cm2 silicon chip has 625 M/cm2

Assume further that a VVLSI IC has 0.04 cm

m = 1

Greatly Reduced Space

VVLSI IC will reduce silicon space

Greatly Reduced Space

0.13 m Very

Silicon area 0.13 m m = 0.13

10- - 2 = 1.69 - 2

Density = [1/(1.69 -)] cm2 = ~ 6000

M/cm2

Greatly Reduced Computational Time

Assumeņ

switches current from state 0 to 1 in 0.1 s and a transistor circuit within in VLSI IC in 0.001 s

An enhancement in processing speed by a

s /0.001 s, 100 times over the

Greatly Reduced Computational Time

Assume a VVLSI IC transistor switches 0 to

1 in 0.1 ns = 0.0001 s

An enhancement in processing speed by a

s /0.0001 s, equal to 1000 times over the speed of a third generation computer

Computational Performance Enhancement

five

Improves computer performance ~ 5 times, as

five instructions can be processed in the pipeline with execution unit operating at 5 times faster

Computational Performance Enhancement

four parallel pipelines

Improves computer performance ~ 4 times, as

four instructions can be processed in each pipeline with execution units in each

Computational Performance Enhancement

Multi

This improves computer performance ~ 4 times,

as four instructions can be processed in each core with separate execution units in each

Summary

We learnt

Fourth Generation computers

VLSI and VVLSI based computers

IBM PC and Pentiums

Uses VLSI main RAM memories and

Reduced power dissipation 1000 plus times

over 3rd generation

Reduced space 1000 times

Reduced computational time 100 plus times

Pipelines, parallel pipelines and multi

End of Lesson 05:

Evolution of Computers Part 5ņ

quotesdbs_dbs9.pdfusesText_15

[PDF] Chapter 13 Understand how electronic computers evolved

Chapter 01: Introduction

Lesson 05:

Evolution of Computers Part 5ņ

Objective

Understand how electronic computers evolved

Fourth generation Electronic Systems

1975 onwards

Very Large scale Transistor Integrated circuits

Very Very Large scale Transistor Integrated

Fourth generation computer systems

VLSI s and VVLSIs

IC with 1000001000000 electronic logic gates

IC with 100000010000000 electronic logic

The 4th generation Computer

A microprocessor consisting of CPU, cache, and

A computer consisting of the microprocessor,

4th Generation of Computers

Examples

IBM PC 1980 onwards

Pentium 1992 onwards

4th Generation Computer

Single VLSI CPU chip as microprocessor

Cache memory

Large number of registers of 16

128 MB chips) as main memory

4th Generation Computer

A large number of executable opcodes (distinct

Addition and subtraction, multiplication and

4th Generation Computer

The concepts of pipelining, super

Pipeline

Processing time of the execution unit operating

4th Generation Computer

Programming in assembly and as well as in

COBOL, PASCAL, C, C++, Java, J2EE, .net, ...

Operating systems and software

Program

Devices,

IO processors

Registers,

Caches and

64 GBs+

Disks, 800

MB CDs,

MB chips

IC memory

CPU Execution Unit

YRegisters, Index Registers, Segment Registers,

YControl memory (Missing in RISCs and Stack

YPipelines

YParallel Pipelines

IR, ID,

ALU, FLPU,

0-n, Extended

0-nSR, Flags, EFlags,

SP, IP, SI, DI, SS, DS, CS,

ES, ....

CPU Registers

IBM PC

VLSI IC reduction in circuit space

Assumeņ 2

There will be a reduction in circuit space

Greatly Reduced Power Dissipation

Assumeņ A

Now assume a 0.13 m VVLSI gates operate

Reduction in power dissipation by factor of

20 W/20 nW = 1000 times/gate

Greatly Enhanced Main Memory Needs

Large programs need 512 M words, each of 32

Number of transistors required for words

An LSI IC stores 1024 bits; therefore, the

Greatly Reduced Memory ICs Size

A VVLSI chip introduced in 1992 stored 16

Therefore, for 16MB/(16 Mbit) = 8, only 8

A memory stick in digital camera 8 GB in 2008

Greatly Reduced Space

Let an LSI IC have 1000 transistors in 0.4 cm

Assume a 1 cm2 silicon chip has 625 M/cm2

Assume further that a VVLSI IC has 0.04 cm