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A CORPUS-BASED STUDY OF CONJUNCTIVE

EXPLICITATION IN ARABIC TRANSLATED AND NON-

TRANSLATED TEXTS WRITTEN BY THE SAME

TRANSLATORS/AUTHORS

A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities

2010

Ashraf Abdul Fattah

SCHOOL OF LANGUAGES, LINGUISTICS AND CULTURES

CENTRE FOR TRANSLATION AND INTERCULTURAL STUDIES

2

Table of Contents

List of Figures 6

List of Tables 7

Transliteration Symbols 10

Abstract 14

Declaration 15

Copyright Statement 15

Dedication 16

Acknowledgements 17

Chapter One: Introduction 19

1.1 Research Questions 21

1.2 Explicitation from a Systemic Functional Perspective 23

1.3 Organization of Thesis 24

Chapter Two: Types and Structure of the Arabic Clause 27

2.1 The Arabic Sentence 28

2.2 Clause Types and Functional Elements 31

2.2.1 Subject-Complement (SC) Clause 32

2.2.2 Topic-Comment (TCom) Clause 35

2.2.3 PS Clause 41

2.2.4 Adjuncts 43

2.2.4.1 Circumstantial Adjuncts 44

2.2.4.2 Interpersonal Adjuncts 57

2.2.4.3 Conjunctive Adjuncts 65

3

2.3 Conclusion 66

Chapter Three: Conjunction and Clause Complexing in MSA 67

3.1 Clause Complexing 67

3.1.1 Clause Complex and Clause Simplex 70

3.1.2 Logico-semantic Relations between Clauses 73

3.1.2.1 Projection 73

3.1.2.2 Expansion 78

3.2 Paratactic Expansion & Conjunction 92

3.2.1 Paratactic Conjunctions 95

3.2.2 Conjunctive Adjuncts 119

3.3 Conclusion 127

Chapter Four: Explicitation as a characteristic of translated texts: 128 Typology, manifestations and an SFL-based schema of classification

4.1 The Concept of Explicitation 128

4.2 House's SFL-based Schema 131

4.3 Steiner's Stratification and Metafunctional Modularization 134

4.4 A Schema of Lexicogrammatical Manifestations 141

4.4.1 Lexical Explicitation 142

4.4.2 Grammatical Explicitation 147

4.4.2.1 Structural Explicitation 149

4.4.2.2 Cohesive Explicitation 176

4.5 Conclusion 182

4 Chapter Five: Analysis of Expansion Relations 183 in the English-Arabic Parallel Corpus

5.1 Operationalization, Data & Methodology 183

5.1.1 Operationalization 183

5.1.2 The Data 186

5.1.3 Corpus Size and Composition 187

5.1.4 Compilation, Preparation and Concordancing 190

5.1.5 Methodology 191

5.2 Causal Conjunctives in the Parallel Corpus 193

5.2.1 English Causal Conjunctives 193

5.2.1.1 Overall Statistics 193

5.2.1.2 Because 195

5.2.2 Arabic Causal Conjunctives 210

5.3 Concessive Conjunctives in the Parallel Corpus 237

5.3.1 English Concessive Conjunctives 237

5.3.1.1 Overall Statistics 237

5.3.1.2 Although/though 238

5.3.2 Arabic Concessive Conjunctives 254

5.3.2.1 Overall Statistics 254

¢kinna 257

5.4 Summary of Findings and Conclusion 272

5 Chapter Six: Analysis of Expansion Relations 276 in the Comparable Corpus

6.1 Global Statistics 277

6.2 Tactic Patterns 283

6.3 Reinforcement 285

6.4 Text Reference 293

6.5 Summary of Findings and Conclusion 299

Chapter Seven: Conclusions 302

7.1 Research Questions Revisited 303

7.2 Summary and Discussion of Findings 305

7.3 Limitations of Thesis 313

7.4 Suggestions for Future Research 315

Appendix 1: Contents of the accompanying CD 318 Appendix 2: Concordance of because in the English Corpus 323

Appendix 3: Concordance of

Appendix 4: Concordance of although/though in the English Corpus 345

Appendix 5: Concordance of

Appendix 6: Concessive Conjunctives in the Comparable Corpus 396

Bibliography 442

Word count: 94,955

6

List of Figures

3-1 The location of the clause complex in terms of stratification, metafunction

and rank 69 3-2 3-3

3-4 A dependent clause in hypotactic construction with a paratactic combination 72

3-5 A clause simplex in paratactic construction with a clause complex 72

4-1 A schema of lexicogrammatical manifestations of explicitation 142

4-2 Structural explicitation: external augmentation

150
4-3 Lexicogrammatical realizations of modality in English (from Halliday and

Matthiessen (2004: 615) 153

4-4 Typical realization of sequences, figures and elements (from Halliday and

Matthiessen, 1999: 49) 156

4-5 Metaphoric reconstrual of information

162

4-6 Metaphor Scale

164

4-7 Conjunctive Explicitation

165

4-8 Conjunctive Markers in Arabic

166
4-9 Textual transitions and textual statuses (from Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004:

579) 173

5-1 Analysis of example (4)

201

5-2 Analysis of example (10)

206

5-3 Analysis of Conc 46, ST2DandTT2MBecause

207

5-4 Upgrading features in example (14)

218

5-5 Analysis of Example (46)

267
7

List of Tables

2-1 Expressions of probability (adapted from Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004) 65

5-1

Parallel and Comparable Corpora 190

5-2 Overall Frequency & Distribution of English Causal Conjunctives 193 5-3 Percentage of Causal Conjunctives in the English Corpus 194 5-4 Distribution of Main Non-purposive Conjunctives in the English Corpus 195 5-5

Grammatical environments for because196

5-6 Arabic equivalents of because in the translated corpus 196

5-7 Explicitating shifts in the Arabic translations of because 197 5-8 Other non-explicitating shifts in the Arabic translations of because 209

5-9 Overall Frequency & Distribution of Arabic Causal Conjunctives 211

5-10

Distribution of

5-11

Causal conjunctions rendered as

5-12 5-13

5-14 Upgrading involving Adjuncts in the translated corpus 216

5-15 Upgrading nominal groups

222
5-16

Upgrading embedded clauses 227

5-17

Logico-semantic shifts 228

5-18 Distribution of the semicolon and colon in the parallel corpus 230 5-19 Punctuative explicitation involving the colon 232 5-20

Tactic shifts mediated by

5-21 Overall Frequency & Distribution of the Main English Concessive/Adversative

Conjunctives 237

5-22 Percentage of the top four Concessive Conjunctives in the English Corpus 238 5-23 Distribution of though and although in the English corpus 239 5-24 Distribution of concessive sequences involving although/though in the English corpus 239 5-25 Arabic equivalents of although/though in the translated corpus 240

8 5-26

Main types of explicitating shifts involving although/though 241 5-27 Paratactic shifts in the translation of although/though 242 5-28 Paratactic conjunctions used in the translation of although/though 242 5-29 Distribution of sequence shifts in the translation of although/though in the bilingual corpus 245 5-30

Correlatives involving although/though 249

5-31 Reinforcement shifts in the translation of although/though 249 5-32 Other explicitating shifts in the translation of although/though 253 5-33 Overall Frequency & Distribution of the Main Arabic Concessive/Adversative

Conjunctives 255

5-34

Distribution of

5-35

Distribution of

ЃϹϼl¢kinna in terms of the corresponding English conjunctive 257 5-36

Explicitating shifts involving

ЃϹϼl¢kinna 258

5-37

Upgrading shifts involving

ЃϹϼl¢kinna 259

5-38

Cohesive shifts involving

5-39

Reinforcement shifts involving

5-40

Tactic shifts involving

5-41

Logico-semantic shifts involving

5-42

Other explicitating shifts involving

5-43

Causal Conjunctives: Overall Statistics 273

5-44

Concessive Conjunctives: Overall Statistics 274

5-45 Main findings of parallel analysis of selected English conjunctions 274 5-46 Main findings of parallel analysis of selected Arabic conjunctions 275 6-1 Overall Frequency & Distribution of the Main Arabic Concessive/Adversative

Conjunctives 278

6-2 Frequencies of the top five concessive markers in the comparable corpus 280 6-3 Frequencies of conditional concessive conjunctives in the comparable corpus 281 6-4 Frequencies of conjunctive Adjuncts with text reference 282 9 6-5 Frequencies of paratactic & hypotactic concessive conjunctives in the comparable corpus 283 6-6 Relative proportions of hypotactic and paratactic concessive conjunctives in English source texts, Arabic translations and Arabic non-translations 284 6-7 Arabic equivalents of but in a random sample from the concordance of but in

Abu Hadid's translation 285

6-8 Concessive correlative conjunctives in the comparable corpus 286 6-9 Triple concessive correlatives Mahmoud's translations (TTM) and non- translations (NTM) 286 6-10quotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20

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