[PDF] ARABIC GRAMMAR The adverbs prepositions





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Assimilation and Local Conjunction in Arabic

15 Dec 2010 Keywords: assimilation local conjunction

ARABIC GRAMMAR

PARSDIG3IS. LITTERATURE, CHRESTORIdTHI'

ASD tT~~~~~~~ EP W

CARLSRU.HE AXD LEIPSLC

H. REUTHEB

LONDON NEW YORK PARIS .

d&IJANS a NOZGATE B. WESTERMANN b Coa. NAIBONIIEIIVE b 01..

14 BENRIEPTA STBEET 898, BROADWAY. 26, QUAI YOZTAIRE.

COVENT QABDaK.

GRAMMAR .

I . LETTERS AXD SOUNDS (5 1-10) .

S I . Consonants ...................

5 2. Long Vowels ..................

3 . Short Von.els. Nunation. G6zma ..........

..................... . 5 4 Hamza

5 . Teshdid .....................

S B . Vasla ......................

i.3Iedda .....................

9 . The Tone ....................

S 10 . Numerals and Abbreviations ...........

Page 3

S 11 . Pronomina personalia ................ 18

S 12 . Pronomina demonstrativa .............. 20

S 13 . Pronomina relativa ................. 22

8 14 . Pronomina interrogativa .............. 23

. 15 The root form ................... 23

8 16 . General view of the derived stems ......... 24

. 17 . I Stem ...................... 25

18.11. Stem ...................... 25

XI1 COSTESTS .

Page

S 19 . I11 . Srem ..................... 26

2 I . em ................ 26

9 21 . V . Stem ...................... 27

..................... 5 22 . TT1 . Stem 27

5 23 . TLI . Stem .................... 27

$21 . TJII . Steni .................... 28

5 25 . . and X1 . Stem ................. 28

S 26 . S . Stem ...................... 29

.............. S 27 . The ciuadriliteral Terb 29

S % . The Passi~e .................... 30

...................... . S 29 Tenses 90

9 3Cs . 3Ioods ...................... 31

$ 31 . Imperatice .................... 31 .................... . S 32 The Persons 32 ..................... . S 33 Participles 33

5 34 . 1nfmiti.i-e ..................... 33

35 . Verba mediie geminats ............... 34

S 36 . 'Derba hamzata .................. 36

.................... . S 37 Teak Verbs 38

S 3s . Terba primie g and 6 ............... 3S

............... 5 39 . 'Derba mediz g and 6 39

S 40 . Verba tertia? g and 6 ............... 41

................ 5 41 . Doubly meal; Verbs 45

42 . The Terb ,g .................. 46

S 43 . Verbs of praise and blame ............. 46

5 41 . Forms of admiration ................ 46

5 45 . The Verb with Pronominal suffixes ......... 47

S 46 . Sign of the Accusative ............... 4i

S 47 . Derived Nouns. Intensive foims ........... 48

5 48 . Nomina loci. instrumenti. speciei .......... 50

5 49 . Xomina relativa and deminutiva ........... 51

CONTEXTS .

b . GENDER OF XOCSS . Page ........... 50 . 31ascdine and feminine Gender 52 ............. S 51 . Formation of the Feminine 52

52 . Kurnber and Case ................. 54

.......... 5 53 . Formation of the Dual and Plural 54 S 54 . Somina tliptota and diptota ............ 55 .................. 5 55 . Somina diptota 56 S 56 . Inflection of the cleternlinate Kouns ........ 57

5 57 . hbbreviatioll of Dual and Plural Nouns ....... 58

5 56 . Xoun with Pronominal sufikes .......... 59

S 59 . Vocalic additions .................. 59

60 . Proper names connected vith C+\ ......... 60

5 61 . Vocative ...................... 60

5 62 . Broken Plurals .................. 61

S 63 . List of the chief forms ............... 61

5 64 . Broken Plurals of Nouns mith more than three radicals 65

65
. Ii-re,d .ar Nouns .................. 66

5 66 . Cardinals ..................... 69

8 67 . Connection of Numbers with the thing numbered ... 71

68
. Ordinal numbers and fractions ........... 72 o~ap . Particles (8 69-71) .

69 . Adverbs. Prepositions. Conjunctions ......... 73

. ................ 8 70 Inseparable Particles 73

5 i1 . Prepositions and Conjunctions with Suffixes ..... 74

CJLU~ . .L Tenses .

72 . Perfect and Imperfect ............... 76

. S 73 Usage of the Perfect ................ 76 Page ............... 71 . Usage of the Impedecs 76 .................... 9 75 . Subjunctive 79 ...................... 76 . Jussive 79 ..................... S 77 . Participle 80 ..................... 5 78 . Accusative S1

5 i9 . Object. double Object ............... 81

.................. S0 . Absolute Object S2

5 81 . Accusatire as Predicate .............. 82

5 82 . Accusative of nearer definition ........... 83

S3 . Syntactical additions to the Xoun .......... 84

9 84 . Determination ................... 85

5 35 . Apposition ..................... 85

5 86 . Qualification .................... S6 '

5 87 . Genitive Relation ................. S6

5 88 . Special Ends of Genitive .............. 8i

5 S9 . The Genitire inseparable ..........'.... S9

Clzap . IK 17ze siwzple sentence .

5 90 . Distinction of Xominal and Verbal sentences ..... 89

91
. The Verb in a Verbal sentence ........... 90 S 92 . The Predicate in a Nominal seutence ........ 91

5 93 . Connection between Subject and Predicate ...... 98

5 96 . Peculiarities of the same ............... 92

95 . The Particles 'inna and 'ama ............ 93

. ................ 5 96 Dependent sentences 9.5

5 97 . Aspdeton ..................... 95

5 9S . Exceptive Particle ................. 96

Chap . 7. Comyound sentences .

. 5 99 Relative sentences ................. 96 . 5 100 Sentences denoting a state or condition ....... 99 ........... lul . Temporal se~ltences

3 102 . Conditional sentences with the Perfect . .

103 . Conditional sentences vith the Jussive ...

........... 5 lu4 . The Particle fa ........... Strong triliteral Berb Act . I

Strong triliteral Terb Pass . I ...........

Qnadriliteral Verb, dei-ived Stems .........

Stroag triliteral Verb. derived Stellls .......

. ......... i7erbum nledis geininats Act I ........ . Verbum mediz geminatse Pass I

Verbum meclize geminat=. derived Stems .....

........ Terbum prima radicalis 9 and 3 . ........ T-erbum medis rarlicalis g Sct I . ........ Verbum llledis radicalis 3 -4ct I

Terb~unl medis radicalis g or 3 Pass . I .....

Terbum mediz radicalis g and 3. derived Stel~ls .

Verbum tertize radicalis g (G) Act . I .....

Perbum tertize radicalis 6 (G) Act . I ....

Verb- tel-tie radicalis g or 3 (S) Act . I . .

Verbum tei-tis radicalis g or 6 Pass . I .....

Verbum tertize radicalis g or 3; derived Stems . . h-omen generis masculini ............

Nomen generis feminini .............

NOLUIS jlZ "in" and "an" .............

Noun vitb Personal suffixes ............

BIBLIOGRAPIIY .

History of literature ..............

Cbrestomathies .................

Grammars ...................

Page .... 99 .... 100 .... 100 .... 101

SVI CONTEXTS.

Page

Lexicography ...................... 33

Koran and Islam .................... 36

Histoiy. ........................ 37

Geography ....................... 40

Poe Q- ......................... 42

3Iiscellaneous ...................... 43

-4. For translation into English: I. The history of Queen Bilkis from the prophetic legends of ~a'labi ..................... 49 IL Extracts from the biographies of the first three Chalifs from the "golden meadows" of Xasudi .......

B. For translation into Arabic ..............

GLOSSARY.

To part

X of the Chrestomathy ............. 109

To part B of the Chrestomath~ ............. 167

PART I.

CHARACTERS AND SOUNDS.

l a. The Co~zsonunfs. The Arabs 01-iginally used the Syriac character and the Syriac alphabet, in which the characters are in the same order, as in the Hebrew alphahet. Remains of this older orcler are still preserved in the numerical values of the letters (cf. the tahle). In later times the 1ettel-s were seldom used as numerals. By means of diacritical points the Arabs early distinguished a uuml,er of sounds wllictl in that older alphabet were not separ- ated from one another. And many characters became by ;~bb~eviation so similar to -one another that such diacritical marks were necessary to distinguish them. These similar forms were afterwards placed next one another in the alphabet. Thus the letters stand now in the following order which is tolerably general. The alphabet consists of

25 consonants of the following

forms. These are written and read from right to left, A * P----

Figures Value

m tL

2.: - 3.5

7 g$ zz

Sames

2 c; E.*

-5 g& -m =p

Pronunciation

5 so ;< Z"

a 25. S := ',

5 54 "- 0 5" 3>

2 -

F_--- F

--.p 5 8 I

1 -!l*Aiif 't l - -

cf. 5 2 and i 1 S -8 :3 %bT% jt t 400 n * in thing t 500 orig. g hard; litter IE c } g as in Italian g 3 3 I giorno; English j

I %L H112 ~tron~hmithfriction I! S

n - German hard ~h; i gCj CllL 111 600 c f " scotch ch in loch -

8 J1j n%l 3 a - - d on the teeth d 4

English soft th as

;1 700 -l !l Q\; I)hd 3 LL - - in this l0 z!; Rfi - - dental r r 200 l

1 i weak vocalic S,

l

11 a: zs

. - } like French and z 7 T ) :i i ) English z I sin l ." 'lard S si 60p S . shin 1 G +,

German sch

13 & English ~11 g 300 W

* In such technical terms it is usual to leave the ending S i. e. un (cf. 5 3 b) unpronounced after the fashion of modern Arabic. p-

Figores Value

4 --

14 :L Sad

15 $12 Dlid

I -C

16, ~lb TFt

1 - l'i %& za S c,

1s d+ Ain

& vaf I