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tm 3-34.43 (fm 5-472) mcrp 3-17.7h navfac mo 330 afh 32-1034

3-34.43. Headquarters Department of the Army. Washington





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TM 3-34.43

MCRP 3 -17.7H

NAVFAC

M O 330
AF H 32
-1034

MATERIALS TESTING

April 2015

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION

. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Headquarters, Department of

the Army

Foreword

This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respective commands and other commands as

appropriate. ANT

HONY C. FUNKHOUSER K. J. GLUECK, JR.

Brigadier General, USA Lieutenant General, USMC

Commandant Deputy Commandant for

U.S. Army Engineer School Combat Development and Integration T.

K. KISS THERESA C. CARTER

Captain USN Brigadier General, USAF

Navy Warfare Development

Command The Civil Engineer

DCS/Logistics, Installations,

and Mission Support This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online To receive publishing updates, please subscribe at It is also available at the Marine Corps Doctrine Web site at , U.S. Navy Web sites at and , and U.S. Air Force Web site at . *TM 3-34.43

MCRP 3-17.7H

NAVFAC MO 330

AFH 32-1034

Technical Manual

No. 3-34.43

Headquarters, Department of the Army

Washington, DC, 3 April 2015

Marine Corps Reference Publication

No. 3-17.7H

Marine Corps Combat Development Command

Quantico, VA, 3 April 2015

Maintenance Operating

No. 330

Navy Warfare Development Command

Norfolk, VA, 3 April 2015

Air Force Handbook

No. 32-1034

Headquarters, Air Force Civil Engineer Center-East

Tyndall Air Force Base, FL, 3 April 2015

Materials Testing

Contents

Page

PREFACE............................................................................................................... x

PART ONE SOILS

Chapter 1 FORMATION, CLASSIFICATION, AND FIELD IDENTIFICATION .................. 1-1 .................................... 1-1 Physical Properties ........................................................................ ..................... 1-2 Characteristics ........................................................................ ............................ 1-6 Classification ........................................................................ .............................. 1-7 Field Identification ........................................................................ ..................... 1-10 Tests ........................................................................ ......................................... 1-12

Chapter 2 SOIL SURVEYS AND SAMPLING .................................................................... 2-1

Survey Types ........................................................................ .............................. 2-1 Objective ........................................................................ ..................................... 2-2 Information Sources ........................................................................ ................... 2-3 Field Investigations ........................................................................ ..................... 2-5 Moisture Content Samples ........................................................................ ....... 2-11 Undisturbed Samples ........................................................................ ............... 2-11 Quartering Samples ........................................................................ .................. 2-18 Soil Profile........................................................................ ................................. 2-20 Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *This publication supersedes FM 5

472/NAVFAC MO 330/AFJMAN 32

1221(I), 27 October 1999.

i

Contents

Chapter 3 MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION ....................................................... 3-1 Oven-Dry Test ........................................................................ ............................. 3-1 Microwave Oven-Dry Test ........................................................................ .......... 3-4

Calcium Carbide Gas Pressure Test .................................................................. 3-6

Chapter 4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOLIDS DETERMINATION ....................................... 4-1 Specific-Gravity Test ........................................................................ ................... 4-1

Specific Gravity (Apparent and Bulk) .................................................................. 4-7

Chapter 5 GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS AND DISTRIBUTION ................................................. 5-1 Sieve Analysis ........................................................................ ............................. 5-1 Hydrometer Analysis ........................................................................ ................... 5-9 Chapter 6 LIQUID LIMIT, PLASTIC LIMIT, AND PLASTICITY INDEX DETERMINATION6-1 Liquid Limit Determination ........................................................................ .......... 6-1 Fall Cone ........................................................................ ..................................... 6-8 Plastic Limit Determination ........................................................................ ....... 6-12

Plasticity Index Determination ........................................................................

... 6-15 Chapter 7 LABORATORY COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL USING

MODIFIED EFFORT ........................................................................................... 7-1

Compaction Test ........................................................................ ......................... 7-1

Graph Presentation of Results ........................................................................

.... 7-8 Compaction Equipment ........................................................................ ............. 7-13 Other Compactive Efforts ........................................................................ .......... 7-13

Chapter 8 IN-PLACE DENSITY DETERMINATION ........................................................... 8-1

Sand Cone or Sand Displacement Method ........................................................ 8-2 Steel Shot Volume Replacement Method ........................................................... 8-6 Drive Cylinder Method........................................................................ ............... 8-11

Nuclear Moisture and Density Tester................................................................ 8-14

Water Displacement Method

..... 8-15 NonNuclear Density Devices ........................................................................ .... 8-15

Chapter 9 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TESTS ........................................................... 9-1

California Bearing Ratio of Laboratory-Compacted Soils ................................... 9-1

Undisturbed Sample Testing

..... 9-10 California Bearing Ratio Data Presentation and Analysis ................................ 9-11 In-Place Field California Bearing Ratio Test With the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer ........................................................................ ............................ 9-25 Plate Bearing Test for Determining Modulus of Soil Reaction .......................... 9-33 Soil Modulus Testing With a Light Weight Deflectometer ................................. 9-38

Chapter 10 TECHNICAL SOIL REPORT ........................................................................

.... 10-1 Required Tests ........................................................................ .......................... 10-1 Soil Technical Report ........................................................................ ................ 10-3

PART TWO BITUMINOUS MIXTURES

Chapter 11 BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS AND SURFACES .............................................. 11-1 Aggregates ........................................................................ ................................ 11-1 Bituminous Materials ........................................................................ ................. 11-1

Chapter 12 MATERIAL SAMPLING ........................................................................

........... 12-1 ii TM 3-34.43/MCRP 3-17.7H/NAVFAC MO 330/AFH 32-1034 3 April 2015

Contents

Bituminous Material Sampling .......................................................................... 12-1

Aggregate Sampling ......................................................................................... 12-1

Chapter 13 FIELD IDENTIFICATION ................................................................................. 13-1

Bitumen Field

-Identification Tests .................................................................... 13-1

Aggregate Identification and Selection ............................................................. 13-4

Chapter 14 BITUMEN TESTING ......................................................................................... 14-1

Cleveland Open-Cup and Tag Open-Cup Flash Point and Fire Point Tests ... 14-1

Viscosity Tests

.................................................................................................. 14-3

Performance

-Graded Tests .............................................................................. 14-3

Solubility Tests ................................................................................................. 14-4

Chapter 15 AGGREGATE AND FILLER TESTING ........................................................... 15-1

Sieve Analysis .................................................................................................. 15-1

Specific Gravity ................................................................................................. 15-1

Los Angeles Abrasion Test............................................................................... 15-5

Chapter 16 BITUMINOUS-MIX DESIGN ............................................................................ 16-1

Hot-Mix Design Considerations ........................................................................ 16-1

Optimum Bitumen Content ............................................................................... 16-2

Superpave Mix Design ................................................................................... 16-10

Job Mix Formula

............................................................................................. 16-11

Chapter 17 PLANT CONTROL ........................................................................................... 17-1

Plant Types ....................................................................................................... 17-1

Initiating Plant Production ................................................................................. 17-2

Plant Production Control ................................................................................... 17-3

Asphalt Content Determination ........................................................................ 17-5

Density Tests .................................................................................................... 17-5

Expediting the Design ....................................................................................... 17-7

PART THREE CONCRETE

Chapter 18 DESCRIPTION, TERMINOLOGY, MATERIALS, AND CONCEPTS .............. 18-1

Terms ................................................................................................................ 18-1

Materials ........................................................................................................... 18-2

Concepts........................................................................................................... 18-4

Units of Measure and Conversions .................................................................. 18-7

Chapter 19 FIELD AGGREGATE TESTING ...................................................................... 19-1

Stockpile Sampling ........................................................................................... 19-1

Gradation Determination .................................................................................. 19-1

Surface Moisture .............................................................................................. 19-2

Organic Impurities, Los Angeles Abrasion, and Sulfate Soundness ................ 19-3

Chapter 20 FIELD CONCRETE TESTING ......................................................................... 20-1

Fresh Concrete Tests ....................................................................................... 20-1

Flexural-Strength Test (Modulus of Rupture) ................................................... 20-7

Compressive

-Strength Test ............................................................................ 20-10

Nondestructive Testing ................................................................................... 20-18

Chapter 21 CONTINGENCY FIELD TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING .................... 21-1

Nonstandard Tests ........................................................................................... 21-1

3 April 2015 TM 3-34.43/MCRP 3-17.7H/NAVFAC MO 330/AFH 32-1034 iii

Contents

Troubleshooting ........................................................................ ........................ 21-2

PART FOUR SOILS STABILIZATION

Chapter 22 MECHANICS OF SOIL STABILIZATION AND MODIFICATION .................... 22-1 Stabilization ........................................................................ ............................... 22-1 Modification ........................................................................ ............................... 22-2

Chapter 23 STABILIZING AGENTS ........................................................................

........... 23-1 Stabilizer Types ........................................................................ ......................... 23-1

Time Requirements for Testing ........................................................................

. 23-3

Stablizer Selection and Conce

ntrations ............................................................ 23-3 Expedient Stabilization ........................................................................ .............. 23-7

Soil Stabilization in Frost Areas ........................................................................

23-8
Drying of Wet Soils........................................................................ .................... 23-9 Pick-and-Click Tests ........................................................................ ............... 23-10

Wet-Dry and Freeze-Thaw Tests .................................................................... 23-10

Modified Mix Design for Sandy Soils .............................................................. 23-12

Appendix A METRIC CONVERSION CHART ...................................................................... A-1

Appendix B UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM .................................................... B-1

Appendix C RAPID SOILS ANALYSIS KIT ........................................................................

.. C-1 Appendix D UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS SOIL TEST SET ...................................... D-1 GLOSSARY ........................................................................ .................. Glossary-1 REFERENCES ........................................................................ .......... References-1 INDEX ........................................................................ ................................. Index-1

Figures

Figure 1

-1. Shapes of soil grains ........................................................................ ............. 1-4

Figure 1

-2. Soil gradation ........................................................................ ......................... 1-4

Figure 1

-3. Suggested procedures for hasty field identification ..................................... 1-13

Figure 1

-4. Roll or thread test ........................................................................ ................ 1-19

Figure 1

-5. Wet-shaking test ........................................................................ .................. 1-19

Figure 1

-6. Breaking or dry-strength test ....................................................................... 1-20

Figure 1

-7. Ribbon test........................................................................ ........................... 1-22

Figure 2

-1. Sample DD Form 2464 ........................................................................ .......... 2-8

Figure 2

-2. Obtaining individual bag samples .................................................................. 2-9

Figure 2

-3. Taking a composite sample with an exposed face ...................................... 2-10

Figure 2

-4. Labeling bag samples ........................................................................ .......... 2-11

Figure 2

-5. Sealing a container to retain a sample's moisture content .......................... 2-11

Figure 2

-6. Taking a chunk sample from a level surface ............................................... 2-12

Figure 2

-7. Taking a chunk sample from a vertical face ................................................ 2-13

Figure 2

-8. Applying paraffin to seal a chunk sample .................................................... 2-13

Figure 2

-9. Wrapping a weak chunk sample before final sealing .................................. 2-13 iv TM 3-34.43/MCRP 3-17.7H/NAVFAC MO 330/AFH 32-1034 3 April 2015

Contents

Figure 2

-10. Dipping a chunk sample into melted paraffin ............................................ 2-13

Figure 2

-11. Packing a chunk sample for transportation or shipment to laboratory ...... 2-14

Figure 2

-12. Soil trafficability sampler ........................................................................... 2-14

Figure 2

-13. Section through CBR mold ....................................................................... 2-16

Figure 2

-14. Trench excavated around cylinder ............................................................ 2-16

Figure 2

-15. Load bar used to drive cylinder ................................................................. 2-16

Figure 2

-16. Cylinder in position before cutting sample ................................................ 2-17

Figure 2

-17. Cutting off cylindrical sample .................................................................... 2-17

Figure 2

-18. Sealing sample with paraffin after trimming .............................................. 2-18

Figure 2

-19. Protecting a sample in a CBR mold .......................................................... 2-18

Figure 2

-20. Samples more than 100 pounds ............................................................... 2-19

Figure 2

-21. Mixing a sample 25 to 100 pounds ........................................................... 2-19

Figure 2

-22. Mixing a sample less than 25 pounds ....................................................... 2-20

Figure 2

-23. Typical soil profile...................................................................................... 2-21

Figure 2

-24. Soil-profile scales ...................................................................................... 2-22

Figure 3

-1. Sample DD Form 1205 ................................................................................. 3-2

Figure 3

-2. Calcium carbide pressure moisture tester calibration chart for use with 1 1/4

-inch steel balls ....................................................................................... 3-8

Figure 4

-1. Apparatus for determining specific gravity of soils ........................................ 4-2

Figure 4

-2. Sample DD Form 1208 ................................................................................. 4-3

Figure 4

-3. Calibration curve for a volumetric flask ......................................................... 4-4

Figure 5

-1. Sieve analysis equipment ............................................................................. 5-2

Figure 5

-2. Sample DD Form 1206 ................................................................................. 5-4

Figure 5

-3. Hand-operated sieve shaker ......................................................................... 5-6

Figure 5

-4. Testing sieves stacked large to small ........................................................... 5-6

Figure 5

-5. Sample DD Form 1207 ................................................................................. 5-8

Figure 5

-6. Sample DD Form 1794 ............................................................................... 5-11

Figure 6

-1. Equipment for the LL and PL tests ................................................................ 6-2

Figure 6

-2. LL device with grooving tools ........................................................................ 6-3

Figure 6

-3. Sample DD Form 1209 ................................................................................. 6-5

Figure 6

-4. Leveling sample in the cup ........................................................................... 6-6

Figure 6

-5. Holding cup and grooving tool ...................................................................... 6-6

Figure 6

-6. Cutting groove with spatula in sandy soil ...................................................... 6-6

Figure 6

-7. Soil coming into contact ................................................................................ 6-7

Figure 6

-8. Essential equipment for a fall cone test ........................................................ 6-8

Figure 6

-9. British fall cone calibration tolerances......................................................... 6-10

Figure 6

-10. British fall cone data plot examples .......................................................... 6-11

Figure 6

-11. Rolling a soil specimen ............................................................................. 6-12

Figure 6

-12. Rolled threads, crumbled and uncrumbled ............................................... 6-13

Figure 6

-13. PL device components .............................................................................. 6-13

Figure 6

-14. Operation of PL device ............................................................................. 6-14

3 April 2015 TM 3-34.43/MCRP 3-17.7H/NAVFAC MO 330/AFH 32-1034 v

Contents

Figure 6

-15. USCS plasticity chart ................................................................................. 6-15

Figure 7-1. Sample DD Form 1210 .................................................................................. 7-5

Figure 7

-2. Soil compaction in a mold .............................................................................. 7-6

Figure 7

-3. Trimming the compacted soil sample ............................................................ 7-7

Figure 7

-4. Sample DD Form 1211 .................................................................................. 7-9

Figure 7

-5. Effect of water on density ............................................................................ 7-11

Figure 7

-6. Effect of different compactive effort on density ........................................... 7-12

Figure 7

-7. Effect of different soil types on density ........................................................ 7-13

Figure 8

-1. Sand displacement method equipment ......................................................... 8-3

Figure 8

-2. Sample DD Form 1215 .................................................................................. 8-4

Figure 8

-3. Steel shot volume replacement equipment with traveling case .................... 8-7

Figure 8

-4. Schematic drawing of the graduated cylinder filled with balls up to the

1000 milliliter mark ........................................................................................ 8-8

Figure 8

-5. Striking off excess steel shot ......................................................................... 8-9

Figure 8

-6. Steel shot remaining after completing the test (after the second pour)......... 8-9

Figure 8

-7. Rinsing steel shot in the No. 8 sieve ........................................................... 8-11

Figure 8

-8. Drive cylinder components .......................................................................... 8-12

Figure 8

-9. Preparing surface for drive cylinder test ...................................................... 8-12

Figure 8

-10. Inserting drive cylinder into soil ................................................................. 8-13

Figure 8

-11. Removing the drive cylinder sample ......................................................... 8-13

Figure 8-12. Trimmed sample ready for weighing ......................................................... 8-14

Figure 9

-1. Laboratory CBR test-set apparatus ............................................................... 9-3

Figure 9

-2. Sample DD Form 1212 .................................................................................. 9-4

Figure 9

-3. Soaking the CBR sample .............................................................................. 9-8

Figure 9

-4. Assembled CBR test penetration apparatus ................................................. 9-8

Figure 9

-5. Sample DD Form 2463 ................................................................................ 9-12

Figure 9

-6. CBR design method density and moisture requirements ............................ 9-19

Figure 9

-7. Plotted results for a free-draining soil, borrow pit A..................................... 9-24

Figure 9

-8. Dual-mass DCP kit ...................................................................................... 9-25

Figure 9

-9. Assembled dual-mass DCP with vertical scale and disposable cone and

adapter........................................................................................................ 9-26

Figure 9

-10. Excel spreadsheet used for DCP analysis ................................................ 9-28

Figure 9

-11. Example of penetration measurement showing a penetration of 150

millimeters................................................................................................... 9-29

Figure 9

-12. Correction of load deformation curve ........................................................ 9-32

Figure 9

-13. Plate bearing test equipment and set-up ................................................... 9-34

Figure 9

-14. Chart for correction of uncorrected modulus of soil reaction for bending

of the plate .................................................................................................. 9-36

Figure 9

-15. PFWD with data acquisition device ........................................................... 9-38

Figure 9

-16. Operation of the PFWD, with laptop data acquisition ................................ 9-39

Figure 10

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