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BIRDS IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

FROM A TO Z

Why did Aristotle claim that male Herons" eyes bleed during mating? Do Cranes winter near the source of the Nile? Was Lesbia"s pet really a House Sparrow? Ornithology was born in ancient Greece, when Aristotle and other writers studied and sought to identify birds. Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z gathers together the information available from classical sources, listing all the names that ancient Greeks gave their birds and all their descriptions and analyses. Arnott identifies (where achievable) as many of them as possible in the light of modern ornithological studies. The ancient Greek bird names are transliterated into English script, and all that the classical writers said about birds is presented in English. This book is accordingly the first complete discussion of classical bird names that will be accessible to readers without ancient Greek. The only previous study in English on the same scale was published over seventy years ago and required a knowledge of Greek and Latin. Since then there has been an enormous expansion in ornithological studies which has vastly increased our knowledge of birds, enabling us to evaluate (and explain) ancient Greek writings about birds with more confidence. With an exhaustive bibliography (partly classical scholarship and partly ornithological) added to encourage further study Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z is the definitive study of birds in the Greek and Roman world. W.Geoffrey Arnott is former Professor of Greek at the University of Leeds and Fellow of the British Academy. His publications include Alexis: The Fragments (1996) and an edition of Menander in three volumes (1979, 1996 and 2000). He was also a former president of the Leeds Birdwatchers" Club.

THE ANCIENT WORLD FROM A TO Z

What were the ancient fashions in men"s shoes? How did you cook a tunny or spice a dormouse? What did the Romans use for contraception? This Routledge series provides answers to these questions and many more like them which are often overlooked by standard reference works. Volumes cover key topics in ancient culture and society, from food, sex and sport to money, dress and domestic life. Each author is an acknowledged expert in their field, offering readers vivid, immediate and academically sound insights into the fascinating details of daily life in antiquity. The main focus will be on Greece and Rome, though some volumes also encompass Egypt and the Near East. The series will be suitable both as background for those studying classical subjects and as enjoyable reading for anyone with an interest in the ancient world.

Available titles

Food in the Ancient World from A to Z

Andrew Dalby

Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z

John Younger

Sport in the Ancient World from A to Z

Mark Golden

Birds in the Ancient World from A to Z

Geoffrey Arnott

Forthcoming titles

Greek and Roman dress from A to Z

Liza Cleland, Glenys Davis and Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones

Animals in the Ancient World from A to Z

Kenneth Kitchell

BIRDS IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

FROM A TO Z

W.Geoffrey Arnott

LONDON AND NEW YORK

First published 2007

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. "To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge"s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk."

© 2007 W.Geoffrey Arnott

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN 0-203-94662-6 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 10:0-415-23851-X (hbk)

ISBN 10:0-203-94662-6 (ebk)

ISBN 13:978-0-415-23851-9 (hbk)

ISBN 13:978-0-203-94662-6 (ebk)

To the members of the Leeds Birdwatchers Club and the local group of the RSPB

Contents

List of figures

viii

Preface

ix

Acknowledgements

x

Symbols and abbreviations

xi

ANCIENT GREEK BIRDS A-Z 1

Bibliography

373

Index of English bird names

398

List of figures

1

Owl, Scops 3

2

Jungle Fowl 18

3

Black Francolin 33

4

Partridge, Chukar 121

5

Crow, Hooded 171

6

Crested Lark 173

7

Hoopoe 176

8

Thrush, Blue Rock 192

9

Lammergeier 197

10

Bee-eater 211

11

Starling, Rose-coloured 311

12

Plover, Spur-winged 362

Preface

D"Arcy Thompson"s A Glossary of Greek Birds (1st edition 1895, Oxford; 2nd edition

1936, Oxford, reprinted 1966: Hildesheim) has been from its first appearance the

accepted guide in the English-speaking world to ancient Greek bird names, and deservedly so, because it combines expertise in the Greek sources from Homer down to fourteenth-century Byzantium with a knowledge of and interest in ornithology. Since

1936, however, there has been an enormous expansion in our knowledge of the birds of

Greece and the Mediterranean, published in countless books and papers. Here the nine volumes of The Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa (edited mainly by Stanley Cramp, K.E.L.Simmons and C.M.Perrins, 1977-94) are magisterial. In 1997, George Handrinos and Triantaphyllos Akriotis published The Birds of Greece, correctly identifying it as the first major guide to that country"s avifauna since

1902, and in 1998, Richard Brooks produced his Birding on the Greek Island of Lesvos,

thus detailing the modern evidence about the birds that can be found today on the island where at least some of the evidence that Aristotle incorporated in his History of Animals appears to have been obtained. Books on Latin bird names have been compiled by Jacques André (Les noms d"oiseaux en latin, 1967) and more exhaustively by Filippo Capponi (Ornithologia Latina, 1979), while John Pollard has published a more discursive study of ancient Greek birds (Birds in Greek Life and Myth, 1977). Statements that D"Arcy Thompson was able to make confidently in 1936 have now in a good many cases been outdated. English bird names have now been standardised, and several Latin binomials have been changed in the past seventy years. Thus, in 1936, the Carrion Crow and Hooded Crow were still identified as two subspecies of the Corvus corone, but recently they were reclassified as separate species with only the Carrion Crow retaining that binomial and the Hooded Crow becoming Corvus cornix. Thus I have attempted to produce an updated version of D"Arcy Thompson"s material, adding necessary new information from both ancient Greek and modern ornithological sources, correcting errors and suggesting some new identifications.

Note on the text

All abbreviations to classical references have been taken from Hornblower and Spawforth (eds) (1996) The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edn, Oxford: Oxford

University Press.

Acknowledgements

My own interest in birds goes back fifty years or more, and although I make no claim to be an ornithologist, I have frequently watched birds in Europe, Asia and Africa alongside experts with better eyes and superior knowledge. In compiling this survey I gladly acknowledge my debts to many institutions and helpers who have responded to my questions and requests: Dr and Mrs Roger Brock, Professor J.K.Davies, Professor P.E.Easterling, Dr P.A.Hansen, David Harvey, Professor Malcolm Heath, Rob Hume (RSPB), Dr Stanley Ireland, Professor Rudolf Kassel, Professor Robert Maltby, Professor D.Mattingly, Jemima Parry-Jones (The National Birds of Prey Centre, Newent, Gloucestershire), Professor Peter Parsons, John Pollard, Dr Lionel Scott, Professor Paul Schubert, Dr Antero Tammisto, Professor David Thomas, R.S.O.Tomlin, Professor Fred Williams, Nigel Wilson; the British Library in London and Boston Spa, the Brotherton and Edward Boyle Libraries of the University of Leeds, Cornell University Library, in Geneva the University and Natural History Libraries, in London the Libraries of the Institute of Classical Studies, Imperial College, University College and the Warburg Institute, Leeds City Library, Manchester University Library, the Natural History Museum Libraries in London and Tring, Nijmegen University Library; but above all to one group and two individuals: the ladies running the Inter-Library-Loan service at the University of Leeds, Professor Jean-Marie Jacques who sent me information and rare material from Bordeaux, and Dr Walter Stockert who provided me with otherwise inaccessible material from Vienna.

Symbols and Abbreviations

(1) In ancient Greek bird names, e and o are used to represent a short vowel (epsilon and transliterations of Greek letters follow the rules set out in the American Library Association and Library of Congress Romanisation tables. (2) [Common] Nightingale, etc. When part of a bird name is placed between square brackets, this indicates that although in everyday usage the bracketed part is not used, it is added in ornithological literature in order to distinguish the bird from other species that share the unbracketed name. (3) An asterisk placed before an entry signifies that the creature concerned flies but is not a bird, and a question mark similarly placed signifies that the spelling of the entry or its identification as a bird is uncertain or wrong. Aristotle the author of the History of Animals, which may be in part at least written by other members of his school either in his own time or after his death. BWP Cramp, S. (chief editor) (1977-94:9 volumes) Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa:

The Birds of the Western Palearctic (Oxford).

Glossariorum Latinorum (1, 1923 Leipzig and Berlin, 2-7

Leipzig).

Demetrius of Constantinople Hieracosophion, ed. R.Hercher in the Teubner edition of

Aelian, II (Leipzig 1886), xxix-lii, 333-516.

G (ancient) Greek.

GL Lindsay, W.M. et al. (1926-31:5 volumes) Glossaria

Latina (Paris).

H-A Handrinos G. and Akriotis, T. (1997) The Birds of Greece (London). H-B Hagemeijer, W.J.M. and Blair, M.J. (eds) (1997) The

EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds (London).

Hesychius Entries from Į-o are numbered as in K.Latte"s edition (Copenhagen 1953-56), from ʌ-ı as in P.A.Hansen"s edition (Berlin, New York 2005), and from IJ-Ȧ in M.

Schmidt"s edition (Jena 1858-68).

H-G Houlihan, P.F. and Goodman, S.M. (1986) The Birds of

Ancient Egypt (Warminster).

I-K Imhoof-Blumer, F. and Keller, O. (1889) Tier- und Pflanzenbilder auf Münzen und Gemmen des klassischen

Altertums (Leipzig): reprinted (1972) Hildesheim.

J-M Jashemski, W.F. and Meyer, F.G. (eds) (2002) The Natural

History of Pompeii (Cambridge).

KP Ziegler, K. and Sontheimer, W. (1979:5 volumes) Der

Kleine Pauly (Munich).

L Latin

LCI (1968-76:8 volumes) Lexikon der christlichen

Ikonographie (Rome, Freiburg, Basel, Vienna).

LSJ Liddell, H.J., Scott, R. and Jones, H.J. (1968) A Greek-

English Lexicon with a Supplement (Oxford).

Migne, PG J.P.Migne, (1857-66:161 volumes); Patrilogiae cursus completus, series graeca (Paris). Mosaïques Unnamed author (1973) Mosaïques antiques et trésors d"art de Tunisie (Lausannne). NP Cancik, H. and Schneider, H. (eds) (1996-2002:13 volumes) Der Neue Pauly (Stuttgart and Weimar). Orneosophion The title of two anonymous late Byzantine treatises, ed. R. Hercher in the Teubner edition of Aelian, II (Leipzig

1886); the first, dubbed 'quite rustic",=lii-lvi, 517-73, t he

second, commissioned by the Emperor Michael VIII

Palaeologos,=lvi, 575-84.

OST The Ornithological Society of Turkey (later The

Ornithological Society of the Middle East).

PGM Preisendanz, K., revised by Henrichs, A. (eds) (1973-74:2 volumes) Papyri Graecae Magicae (Stuttgart). Posidippus... A-B Austin, C. and Bastianini, G. (eds) (2002) Posidippi

Pellaei quae supersunt omnia (Milan).

RE Pauly, A., Wissowa, G. and Kroll, W. (1893-1978) Real- (Stuttgart). Sammelbuch Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Ägypten (volumes

1-24 with supplements, 1915-2003 so far. Editors: 1-2

Preisigke, F.; 3-5.3 Bilabel F.; 5.4-11 Kiessling, E.; 12-24 Rupprecht, H.A.Places of publication: 1 Strasbourg, 2-3.2 Berlin and Leipzig, 4-5.2 Heidelberg, 5.3-24 Wiesbaden). S-G-H Shirihai, H., Gargallo, G., Helbig A.J. (2001) Sylvia

Warblers (London).

SHA Scriptores Historiae Augustae

A ( G) According to Hesychius (Į 110 Latte), an alternative (? but only in the ( G) According to Hesychius (a 1226), an alternative name for the Chelidǀn (q.v.: Martin/Swallow). (a) Thompson a 1226 (1936:1). ( G, ? pumilio L) A small type of Domestic Fowl (Alektǀr, q.v.), described by Aristotle (HA 558b17) as varied in colour and very prolific (GA 749b28).

Adryphios

( G) According to Choeroboscus (Epimerismi in Psalmos, on Psalm 128.9), a Persian name for the Aëtos (q.v.: large raptor). (a) Thompson (1936:1, 55). ( G, aedon, luscinia L) The [Common or Rufous] Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos), still a common and widespread summer visitor to Greece and Italy, and probably also the Thrush Nightingale (Luscinia luscinia), throughout Greece a much scarcer passage migrant which closely resembles its congener in appearance and is best distinguished from it by its louder and more repetitive song; the two species were not separated in antiquity. The [Common] Nightingale sings in Mediterranean areas from late April to the end of July; in country areas of Greece it is still often visible during daylight hours singing from the top of a bush. Pliny (HN 10.81-2) has an excellent account of the song. Aristotle claims (HA 632b20-3) that the [Common] Nightingale sings continuously day and night for fifteen days at the time when the hills provide thick cover; this presumably refers to the courtship period, when the song is particularly intense and the number of Nightingales is increased by the presence of passage migrants. Aristotle also says (536a28-30) that both males and females sing, while most ancient writers identify the female as songster; in fact, the male is the only songster, establishing its territory. Aristotle is more accurate when he states that the female lays five or six eggs (542b26-

7); the correct figure is 4-5(2-6). In the ancient myth about Tereus" pursuit of his wife

Philomela and her sister Procne after he had raped Procne and cut out her tongue to prevent her from revealing his crime, the Greek version has Procne transformed into a nightingale and Philomela into a swallow, but some Roman writers reversed this, by making Philomela the nightingale and Procne the swallow. A Nightingale has been identified on a painting in the Villa of Poppaea at Oplontis and on mosaics. (a) Boraston (1911:245-7), Keller 2 (1913:73-5), Steier (1927), Chandler (1934-35), Thompson (1936:16-22), Gossen (1956:178 §47), Douglas (1974; 54-6), Sauvage (1975:

192-206), Pollard (1977:164-6), Capponi (1979:314-18; 1985:144-7), Richter 3

(1979:1555-6), Forbes Irving (1990:99-107, 248-9), Tammisto (1997:108-9, 188, plate (b) Arrigoni (1929:296-8), Witherby 4 (1943:187-93), Steinfatt (1955:94), Hilprecht and Gattiker (1989) 82-9), H-A (1997:233), Brooks (1998:36-8 , 51, 52-5, 60-3, 180).

Aeiskǀps

( G) A subspecies of the [Eurasian] Scops Owl (Otus scops cycladum) that is mainly or exclusively resident in many areas of Greece (Peloponnese, Aegean Islands, Crete). Aristotle notes (HA 617b31-618a7) that those Scops Owls that reside in Greece all year long are called ('Always-Scops Owls") and are inedible, contrasting with others that appear just for one or two days in the autumn; he adds that these latter, however, make good eating, being identical in everything except their superior girth and

their silence, while the resident ones have a voice. Modern ornithological studies confirm Birds in the ancient world from A to Z 2

this note"s partial accuracy. Aristotle"s work in Lesbos and at Assos on the Asia Minor coast opposite would make him more familiar with the resident O. s. cycladum than another subspecies (O. s. scops) which is mainly a summer visitor to northern Greece and northern Turkey, where it nests and then fattens up in late summer before flying south on its autumnal migration across the Mediterranean to tropical Africa. Some of these migrants were presumably seen by the Aristotleian team when they stopped for a day or two in islands such as Lesbos. Huge numbers of them similarly pass through Malta, where many were still being caught, slaughtered and sold for food in Valetta market as late as the 1930s. Both subspecies have calls, but tend to be silent in the winter. (a) Keller 2 (1913:38-9), Thompson (1936:262-3), Capponi (1979:453-5), Richter 2 (1979:421-3).

Figure 1 Owl, Scops

(b) Despott (1917:472), Witherby 2 (1943:335-8), Bannerman 4 (1955:232-7), Steinfatt

4 (1985:454-65), Voous (1988:41-7), H-A (1997:203-4), Brooks (1998:55, 163). A-Z 3

Aëllos

An unidentified bird listed in Hesychius" lexicon (a 1354). (a) Thompson (1936:2).

Aëropous

( G) and Aërops ( G) Unidentified bird or birds mentioned in the scholia to Aristophanes" Birds 1354, 1357, the Suda lexicon (a 2707) and Hesychius (a 1401), but possibly by-forms (? with Eërops, q.v.) of the Boeotian word (Eirops) for Bee-eater.

See also MEROPS.

(a) Thompson (1936:2).

Aëtos, Aietos

( Attic G from fourthcentury BC, earlier Attic and other dialects of G, aquila L) Particularly the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos: it is named Chrysaëtos, q.v., in Aelian NA 2.39), but the word was also loosely applied to other kinds of large raptor (Eagles, Vultures, Kites, Buzzards, Harriers, large Hawks and Falcons: cf. the scholion to [Hesiod], Shield of Heracles 134). At least eight species of Eagle (Bonelli"s, Booted, Golden, [Greater] Spotted, Imperial, Lesser Spotted, Short-toed, White-tailed), four Vultures (Black, Egyptian, Griffon, Lammergeier), two Kites (Red, Black), three Buzzards (Common, Honey, Long-legged), three Harriers (Hen, Marsh, Montagu"s), one large Hawk (Goshawk) and one large Falcon (Saker) were common in and around Greece, at least up to the nineteenth century. The Aëtos is frequently mentioned in ancient literature, but mostly with descriptions (e.g. swift, high-flying, sharp-sighted, long-winged, noisy) which are non-specific, but a few are detailed enough for more precise identification (e.g. Aeschylus Agamemnon 109-19 describes two birds together: one black, one white behind; this must be either one adult and one immature Golden Eagle or an immature and adult White-tailed). Aristotle has a key passage (HA 618b18-

619a14) which ambitiously but with limited success attempts to sort out six different

kinds of Eagle sharing twelve names among them (Pygargos or Nephrophonos, Plangos puzzling additions. Aristotle elsewhere adds information about the Aëtos which seems to refer more to the Golden Eagle than any other large raptor: that the female lays three eggs, sits for 30 days on them (the true figure is 43-5 days per egg) but hatches only two (563a17-28); that these birds nest on precipitous crags or in trees, using the same nest year after year, and expel the young when fledged because the adult pair needs a large territory; that they habitually perch on high rocks and are longlived (619a14-b12: a passage mainly of sharp observation; cf. Plato Republic 620b). Other ancient writers make the Aëtos prey on hares (Aeschylus Agamemnon 109-19, Xenophon Cyropaedia

2.4.19), lambs (Homer Odyssey 22.308-10), fawns (Homer Iliad 8.247-8, Pliny HN

10.17), tortoises (Pliny ibid., Aelian NA 7.16), snakes and lizards (Homer Iliad 12.201-

2), and birds as large as geese (Homer Odyssey 15.160, 19.536, Longus 3.16.2). Eagles

feature with their prey on some fine ancient Greek coins: especially those of Acragas and Elis (with snake, hare and even tortoise). The Short-toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) is known particularly to prey on snakes, Golden Eagle on hares, and Golden Eagle, Imperial Eagle and Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) on tortoises. Aelian (NA 7.16) and others record the story that Aeschylus was killed when an Aëtos dropped a tortoise that it was carrying onto his bald head, mistaking it for a rock. Although Golden Eagles and Lammergeiers both drop tortoises onto rocks in order to smash their shells, this story is often dismissed as fabulous. Legend makes the Aëtos the bird of Zeus (Pindar Pythians

1.6, 5.48, Virgil Aeneid 9.564), which carried Ganymede off to serve the god (Theocritus

15.124; frequently portrayed in painting, mosaic and sculpture) and at Zeus" command

ate Prothetheus" liver (Hesiod Theogony 523-4, [? Aeschylus] Prometheus Bound 1022-

4). It early became a symbol of royalty; a gold and enamel sceptre of the eleventh century

BC from a Cypriot tomb has two Eagles at the top, and Roman emperors featured it on their statues. In 104 BC, Marius made the Eagle the special badge of the Roman legions (Pliny NH 10.16). The bird was important too in augury (Homer Iliad 8.247, 12.201, Aeschylus Persians 205-100, Posidippus 27 Austin-Bastiani). (a) Gloger (1830:17-20), I-K (1889:127-9, 132 and plates xx-xxi), Oder (1894), Tristram (1905:26, 29), Boraston (1911:236-7), Keller 2 (1913:1-15, 17, 27-30), Thompson (1936:2-16), Kraay (1966: nos 169-83, 489-508), André (1967:32), Toynbee (1973:240-3, 279-80), Pollard (1948b: 116-18; 1977:76-9, 167), Douglas (1974:42-3,

244), Sauvage (1975:161-75), Capponi (1979:78-95; 1985:35-55, 244), Richter 1

(1979:66-7), Karageorghis (1989:5), Jenkins (1990:23, 28, 43, 50, 70, 102, 104, 129,

139-40, 142-3, 162-3 and plate C24, figs 45, 59, 101, 120, 181, 280, 284-5, 355, 380,

4), Arnott (2003a: 225-34; 2003b: 34-42).

(b) Witherby 3 (1943:38-46, 91-5), Brown (1955, 1976:175-96), Steinfatt (1955:98-

100), Bannerman 5 (1956:109-22, 144-59, 168-84, 202-10, 230-43, 284-97, 313-34),

BWP 2 (1980:5-22, 48-70, 73-81, 89-103, 105-26, 148-57, 177-96, 203-10, 225-44,

251-64), Brown and Amadon (1989:195-200, 220-6, 291-5, 306-13, 325-28, 336-7, A-Z 5

380-6, 391-6, 452-9, 609-17, 622-4, 646-59, 663-9, 839-43, with plates), Gattiker and

Gattiker (1989:458-73), McGrady (1997:99-114), HA (1997:127- 48), Watson J. (1997),

Watson G. (2002:366-7).

Agly ( G) According to Hesychius (Į 621), a Scythian (sc. north/central-European) word for Kyknos (Swan); cf. e.g. Welsh alarch, Gaelic ealag. (a) Thompson (1936:1). Agnos ( G) According to the Suda (Į 279), an (unidentified) bird-name. (a) Thompson (1936:1). Agor ( G) According to Hesychius (Į 698), a Cypriot word for Aëtos (q.v.: large raptor). (a) Du Cange 1 (1688:16), Thompson (1936:1).

Agrakomas

( G) According to Hesychius (Į 747), among the Paphlagonians, who lived in the western Black Sea area of Asia Minor, the name of an (unidentified) bird that was familiar (but not necessarily nesting) there. (a) Thompson (1936:1). Birds in the ancient world from A to Z 6

Agreus

( G) Aelian (NA 8.24) is the only ancient writer to mention the Agreus (whose name translates as 'Hunter"); he describes it as black, related to the Kossyphos (Blackbird), with a tuneful song that attracts small birds which it pursues and eats, yet when it is itself caught and caged, the singing stops. Thompson suggests that this was one of the Indian Mynas, but Aelian does not say that the Agreus was a foreign bird, Mynas do not prey on other birds, the song of the Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) is disjointed, noisy and tuneless, and it doesn"t lose its voice in captivity. Gossen opts for the Mediterranean subspecies of Ring Ouzel (Turdus torquatus alpinus), but although this bird is native to Greece and has a plaintive song, it too doesn"t prey on small birds. Could it perhaps have been a Masked Shrike (Lanius nubicus), a bird smaller than a Blackbird which still breeds in Greece, is black-crowned and black-backed, has a pleasing warble with some strident phrases, and hunts small passerines? (a) Gossen (1935:174; 1937:176 §199; 1956:176 §37), Thompson (1936:1).

5 (1988:939-48); 7 (1993:542-52 and plates 22.11-12, 26.7-8), H-A (1997:242, 278-9),

Harris and Franklin (2000:178-80).

Agriai Strouthoi

( G) A copying error in the Marcianus manuscript of Hesychius is plausibly corrected to the above (a 785), thus yielding the information that Agriai Strouthoi ('wild Sparrows") is another name for Strouthokameloi ('Sparrow-camels", i.e. 'Ostriches").

See also STROUTHOS (2).

Aibetos

( G) According to Hesychius (a 1676), the spelling of Aëtos (q.v.: large raptor) used by the inhabitants of Perge in Pamphylia near the southern coast of Asia Minor. (a) Thompson (1936:22). A-Z 7

Aietos

( G) see AËTOS.

Aigiothos, Aigithos

( G, aegithus L) A bird described by Aristotle (HA 609a31-b1) as being at war with donkeys, which rub their sides against thornbushes in which the bird"s nest, eggs and nestlings are hidden, and so destroy them, while the parent bird flies at the donkey and pecks at sores on its back (an account reproduced by e.g. Aelian NA 5.48, Pliny HN 10.204). Elsewhere (616b9-10), Aristotle claims that the bird has many youngquotesdbs_dbs10.pdfusesText_16

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