Conversion Table A = 1 B = 2 C = 3 D = 4 E = 5 F = 6 G = 7 H = 8 I
The first part was easy take each letter in your name and convert it to a number. Use the system where an A=1
English Class -1 & 2 Below Level Cover page Final for Printing-31
Can write 3 letters words. Assessment-8. Can use article. Assessment-9. Can * Write a to z in small letters with correct strokes: 9. Date : Teacher's ...
Vocabulary can be reinforced by using a variety of game formats
Each of these words ends in the same four letters but has a different first letter. What are they? 1. Power. 2. Vision. 3. Opposite of loose. 4. Not dark
The Alphabet Cube and Beyond
This time imagine an additional axis
Homework 3 Solutions
A variable name must start with a Roman letter: a b
actions-verbs-a-to-z.pdf
Actions Verbs A to Z. A. Accelerated. Accomplished. Achieved. Acquired. Adapted Page 3. Prepared. Prescribed. Presented. Presided. Prioritized. Processed.
Avoidable Words
letters to words on 3 letters. But you don't want to see it. The images of On four letters the space of Z-words avoiding ∆ is perfect and in fact a ...
Solutions to Exercises Marked with sG from the book Introduction to
The probabilities are equal since for both 2-letter and 3-letter words
answer key
3-letter words: and any
cat cat mat cap rat can bat cab Rhyming Short Vowel Words And
01-Dec-2019 Sometimes the letter s represents the z sound in words. This is ... This will make it easier for stu- dents to read the three letter short vowel ...
Conversion Table A = 1 B = 2 C = 3 D = 4 E = 5 F = 6 G = 7 H = 8 I
C = 3 Z = 26. Classroom Activity 2. Math 113. The Dating Game. Introduction: ... said “You take the letters in her name
Letters and Sounds: Principles and Practice of High Quality Phonics
and words containing the new letter (week 3 onwards) z zz qu*. *The sounds traditionally taught for the letters x and qu (/ks/ and /kw/) are both two.
Guidelines for Alphabetical Arrangement of Letters and Sorting of
3. 3.4 Symbols Other Than Numerals Letters and Punctuation Marks . of the characters or words in a heading are not permitted.
1. How many permutations of 3 different digits are there chosen
Assuming that any arrangement of letters forms a 'word' how many 'words' of any length can be formed from the letters of the word SQUARE? (No repeating of
GimmeNotes
How many words does this language have of length 2? of length 3? of length n? Suppose z has length k: z1 z2…z(k-1) zk = letters in z.
Critical exponents of words over 3 letters
alphabet) there exists an infinite word over 3 letters whose critical exponent is ?. v is a a). z being a prefix of u
Shift (Caesar) Ciphers If you have a message you want to transmit
we use to replace the “z” when we encrypt? After performing a shift cipher encryption with encryption key 3 the message “pizza” becomes. SLCCD. The letter
Homework 3 Solutions
is a DFA D such that L(D) = L(M) = C. By problem 3 on Homework 2 we A variable name can only use Roman letters (i.e.
CRYPTOGRAPHY You may know what this means ···
3. To see how to decode simple substitution ciphers without a key using frequency of letters and words. 4. To understand the difference between classical
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Shift (Caesar) Ciphers
If you have a message you want to transmit securely, you can encrypt it (translate it into a secret code). One of the simplest ways to do this is with ashift cipher. Famously, Julius Caesar used this type of cipher when sending messages to his military commanders. A shift cipher involves replacing each letter in the message by a letter that is some fixed number of positions further along in the alphabet. We"ll call this number theencryption key. It is just the length of the shift we are using. For example, upon encrypting the message "cookie" using a shift cipher with encryption key 3, we obtain the encoded message (orciphertext): FRRNLH. To make all of this more mathematical, consider the following conversion table for the English alphabet:0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
i.Using the table, we can represent the letters in our message "cookie" with their corresponding numbers: 2 14 14 10 8 4. ii.Now add 3 (the encryption key) to each number to get: 5 17 17 13 11 7. iii.Now use the table to replace these numbers with their corresponding letters: FRRNLH. There is a small complication when we want to encrypt a message that contains a letter near the end of the alphabet. For example, if we consider the new message "pizza," then what letter should we use to replace the "z" when we encrypt? After performing a shift cipher encryption with encryption key 3, the message "pizza" becomes SLCCD. The letter "z" was replaced with the letter "C," which we can view as being 3 places further along than "z" if, after we reach "z," we cycle the alphabet around to the beginning again.In terms of the numerical representations of our letters, the encryption of the message "pizza" looks
this way:15 8 25 25 0-→18 11 2 2 3.
What have we done mathematically? There is a handy mathematical concept that describes this very nicely. Define the following notation for integersaandband integerm >1: a≡b(modm) meansmis a divisor ofa-b. In our situation, we take the numberm(themodulus), to be equal to the size of our character set, so m= 26. Now take each numberxfrom the representation of the message and perform the following arithmetic: add 3 tox, and if the result is between 0 and 25, stop; otherwise, replacex+3 with the integerybetween 0 and 25 that satisfiesy≡x+ 3 (mod 26). In summary, our encryption of the message "pizza" using a shift cipher with encryption key 3 looks like this: p-→15-→15 + 3≡18 (mod 26)-→S i-→8-→8 + 3≡11 (mod 26)-→L z-→25-→25 + 3≡2 (mod 26)-→C z-→25-→25 + 3≡2 (mod 26)-→C a-→0-→0 + 3≡3 (mod 26)-→DHow is the original (plaintext) message recovered from the ciphertext if the encryption key is known?
The following ciphertext was produced using a shift cipher with encryption key 9: LQXLXUJCN. To decrypt it (i.e., to recover the plaintext message), we need to add 17 (...or subtract 9... why is that the same?) to each of the numbers representing the ciphertext letters. Here 17 is the decryption keyfor the shift cipher with encryption key 9. Again, we must sometimes replace the result of this addition with the appropriate number between 0 and 25:L-→11-→11 + 17≡2 (mod 26)-→c
Q-→16-→16 + 17≡7 (mod 26)-→h
X-→23-→23 + 17≡14 (mod 26)-→o
L-→11-→11 + 17≡2 (mod 26)-→c
X-→23-→23 + 17≡14 (mod 26)-→o
U-→20-→20 + 17≡11 (mod 26)-→l
J-→9-→9 + 17≡0 (mod 26)-→a
C-→2-→2 + 17≡19 (mod 26)-→t
N-→13-→13 + 17≡4 (mod 26)-→e
Let"s think about security now. Suppose you intercept a transmission of an encrypted message, and you know that the sender has used a shift cipher on the English alphabet, but you do not know the encryption key. How difficult would it be for you to break the code? If we exclude the encryption key 0, there are only 25 distinct shifts that might have been used. Itprobably wouldn"t take very long (especially with computer help) to test each of these shifts in turn
(anexhaustive search). An incorrect shift length is likely to produce gibberish, while the correct shift length will produce a sensible message. Note however, that spaces between words, punctuation,etc., will not be included in the plaintext that is recovered. For example, the message "fish "n" chips"
would appear as "fishnchips" in its plaintext form. Can you find the plaintext that produced the ciphertext below? A shift cipher with undisclosed encryption key was used.UEUFXGZOTFUYQKQF
Probably you answered the above question by performing an exhaustive search. However, if the message had been longer, possibly you could have taken a shortcut. Suppose you have a somewhat lengthy passage of ciphertext that you want to decrypt, but you do not have the key. If you know that a shift cipher was used on a plaintext message written in standard English, then you can employfrequency analysis: determine which letter occurs most often in the ciphertext. It is very likely that
this letter represents the plaintext letter "e." Assuming that it does, the decryption key can now be
calculated. Then try decrypting the entire message using this probable key.Chances are good that the above procedure will find the correct plaintext on the first try. If it doesn"t,
i.e., if the outcome is gibberish, then find the next most likely representative of the plaintext letter
"e" and try again. Below is ciphertext produced by a shift cipher with undisclosed encryption key. Decrypt it using frequency analysis. (Note that the line breaks do not necessarily occur between words!)VRIYVIVZEKYVEVOKWVNDFEKYJ
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