[PDF] Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics and Energy





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BasicConceptsofThermodynamics

misunderstandings.Careful ofMass,Conservationof

Firstlawofthermodynamics:

oneofthemostfundamentallawsofnatureisthe andmatter,thermodynamicsis waterheaters,etc.DimensionsandUnits

Secondarydimensions

velocity(m/s 2 ),pressure(Pa=kg/m.s 2

States

Table1:StandardprefixesinSIunits.

MULTIPLE1012

10 9 10 6 10 3 10 Ͳ2 10 Ͳ3 10 Ͳ6 10 Ͳ9 10

Ͳ12

checkforyoursolution.

Example1:UnitConversion

2 by themanufacturer.ConvertthistoW/m 2 22
2

1072010001

1100072.10mW

mWW mmm mmmW

ClosedandOpenSystems

Fig.1:System,surroundings,andboundary

Boundary

zerothickness,nomass,andnovolume.

Closedsystemorcontrolmass

Opensystemorcontrolvolume

theboundaryofacontrolvolume.

Importantnote

havebeforestartanalyzingit.

Isolatedsystem

anymeans.

Rigidsystem

SYSTEM

BOUNDARY

SURROUNDINGS

surroundingsbyheat.

Energy

Macroscopicformsofenergy

energy mass

CLOSED

SYSTEM

m=const. mass energy

CONTROL

VOLUME

relativetosomereferenceframe,KE kJmVKE2 2 whereVisthevelocityofthesystemin(m/s). gravitationalfield,PE kJmgzPE

Microscopicformsofenergy

internalenergy,U. kJmgzmVUPEKEUE2 2 wherethecontributionsofmagnetic,electric,nuclearenergyareneglected. Internal moleculesisthe

Fig.1Ͳ4:Formsofenergy.

PropertiesofaSystem

theintermolecularspacing.

Intensiveproperties

Extensiveproperties

volume,andtotalenergyU.Theyareadditive. temperatureT).

Extensiveproperties

volume(v=V/m).

StateandEquilibrium

system.Asysteminequilibriumexperiencesno changeswhenitisisolatedfromits surroundings.

Thermalequilibrium

system. m V T P 0.5m 0.5V T P0.5m 0.5V T

Pextensive

properties intensive properties effects.

Phaseequilibrium:

anequilibriumlevel.

Chemicalequilibrium:

ProcessesandCycles

QuasiͲequilibriumprocess

Ͳequilibrium

equilibriumprocess.

PrefixisoͲis

Isothermal:

Isobaric

Isometric

process.

State2

State1Processpath

A B

Asystemiscalledsimplecompressiblesystem

intheabsenceofelectrical,magnetic,

Independentproperties

whiletheotheroneisheldconstant.

Pressure

PamN 2

AreaForcePressure

in horizontalplanes. VP 1 23
4 P(z) z

Area=A

ghPAAhg AmgPP

Arealiquid ofWeight

h A relativetoabsolutevacuum. atmabsatmvacatmatmabsgauge

PPPPPPPPPP

Fig.9:Absolute,gauge,andvacuumpressures.

Mostpressuremeasuring

gauge orP vac ).Be awareofwhatyouarereading!

Fig.10:Basicmanometer,P

2 =P 1 kPaghPP atm 1 P atm P gauge P abs

Absolute

(vacuum)=0P P vac veryaccurateandrobust canmeasurefrom10 Ͳ6 to10 5 atm canmeasureP gauge orP abs vacuumononeend

Fig.11:Burdongauge.

Example2:Pressure

0.04m 2 densityof1558kg/m 3 accelerationis9.8m/s 2 cylinder. ghAmgPPWWAPW atmbottomPistonliquidatmbottom barsmNbar smkgmNmsmmkgmsmkgbarP bottom

3918.1/101

./1/18.1/8.9/155804.0/8.96097.0

252223

22

Fig.12:Sketchforexample2.

Temperature

The0thlawofthermodynamics

The0th

lawmakesathermometerpossible.

A=0.04m

2 h=1.8m P=?m

Piston

=60kgP atm =0.97bar relatestemperatureT tootheraccuratelymeasurablepropertiescanbeusedasa mRPVT

ThermodynamicTemperatureScales

(independentofthematerial),theKelvinandquotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20
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