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This manual describes the OASIS BASIC programming language interpreter/compiler This manual named BASIC

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C PROGRAMMING TUTORIAL - Simply Easy Learning by

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C Language Overview .............................................................. 1

Facts about C ............................................................................................... 1

Why to use C ? ............................................................................................. 2

C Programs .................................................................................................. 2

C Environment Setup ............................................................... 3

Text Editor ................................................................................................... 3

The C Compiler ............................................................................................ 3

Installation on Unix/Linux ............................................................................. 4

Installation on Mac OS .................................................................................. 4

Installation on Windows ............................................................................... 4

C Program Structure ................................................................ 5

C Hello World Example ................................................................................. 5

Compile & Execute C Program ....................................................................... 6

C Basic Syntax ......................................................................... 7

Tokens in C .................................................................................................. 7

Semicolons ; ................................................................................................ 7

Comments ................................................................................................... 8

Identifiers .................................................................................................... 8

Keywords .................................................................................................... 8

Whitespace in C ........................................................................................... 9

C Data Types ......................................................................... 10

Integer Types ............................................................................................. 10

Floating-Point Types ................................................................................... 11

The void Type ............................................................................................ 12

C Variables ............................................................................ 13 Variable Declaration in C ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Variable Initialization in C ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Lvalues and Rvalues in C ............................................................................. 15

C Constants and Literals ........................................................ 17

Integer literals ............................................................................................ 17

Floating-point literals .................................................................................. 18

Character constants .................................................................................... 18

iii

String literals .............................................................................................. 19

Defining Constants ..................................................................................... 19

The #define Preprocessor ...................................................................... 19

The const Keyword ................................................................................. 20

C Storage Classes ................................................................. 22

The auto Storage Class ................................................................................ 22

The register Storage Class ........................................................................... 22

The static Storage Class ............................................................................... 23

The extern Storage Class ............................................................................. 24

C Operators ........................................................................... 25

Arithmetic Operators .................................................................................. 25

Relational Operators................................................................................... 26

Logical Operators ....................................................................................... 28

Bitwise Operators ....................................................................................... 29

Assignment Operators ................................................................................ 31

Misc Operators հ sizeof & ternary .............................................................. 33

Operators Precedence in C .......................................................................... 33

Decision Making in C.............................................................. 35

if statement ............................................................................................... 36

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 36

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 36

Example .................................................................................................. 36

if...else statement ...................................................................................... 37

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 37

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 38

Example .................................................................................................. 38

The if...else if...else Statement ..................................................................... 39

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 39

Example .................................................................................................. 39

Nested if statements .................................................................................. 40

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 40

Example .................................................................................................. 40

switch statement ....................................................................................... 41

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 41

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 42

Example .................................................................................................. 42

Nested switch statements ........................................................................... 43

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 43

Example .................................................................................................. 43

iii

The ? : Operator ......................................................................................... 44

C Loops .................................................................................. 45

while loop in C ........................................................................................... 46

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 46

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 46

Example .................................................................................................. 47

for loop in C ............................................................................................... 47

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 47

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 48

Example .................................................................................................. 48

do...while loop in C ..................................................................................... 49

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 49

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 50

Example .................................................................................................. 50

nested loops in C ........................................................................................ 51

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 51

Example .................................................................................................. 52

break statement in C .................................................................................. 53

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 53

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 53

Example .................................................................................................. 54

continue statement in C .............................................................................. 54

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 54

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 55

Example .................................................................................................. 55

goto statement in C .................................................................................... 56

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 56

Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 56

Example .................................................................................................. 57

The Infinite Loop ........................................................................................ 57

C Functions ............................................................................ 59

Defining a Function .................................................................................... 59

Example .................................................................................................. 60

Function Declarations ................................................................................. 60

Calling a Function ....................................................................................... 60

Function Arguments ................................................................................... 61

Function call by value ............................................................................. 62

Function call by reference ....................................................................... 63

C Scope Rules ....................................................................... 65 iii

Local Variables ........................................................................................... 65

Global Variables ......................................................................................... 66

Formal Parameters ..................................................................................... 67

Initializing Local and Global Variables ........................................................... 67

C Arrays ................................................................................. 69

Declaring Arrays ......................................................................................... 69

Initializing Arrays ........................................................................................ 70

Accessing Array Elements ............................................................................ 70

Multi-dimensional Arrays ............................................................................ 71

Two-Dimensional Arrays ............................................................................. 71

Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays .............................................................. 72

Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements ................................................. 72 Passing Arrays as Function Arguments .......................................................... 73

Way-1 ...................................................................................................... 73

Way-2 ...................................................................................................... 74

Way-3 ....................................................................................................... 74

Example .................................................................................................. 74

Return array from function.......................................................................... 75

Pointer to an Array ..................................................................................... 77

C Pointers .............................................................................. 79

What Are Pointers? .................................................................................... 80

How to use Pointers? .................................................................................. 80

NULL Pointers in C ...................................................................................... 81

Pointer arithmetic ...................................................................................... 81

Incrementing a Pointer ............................................................................... 82

Decrementing a Pointer .............................................................................. 83

Pointer Comparisons .................................................................................. 83

Array of pointers ........................................................................................ 84

Pointer to Pointer ....................................................................................... 86

Passing pointers to functions ....................................................................... 87

Return pointer from functions ..................................................................... 88

C Strings ................................................................................ 91 C Structures ........................................................................... 94

Defining a Structure .................................................................................... 94

Accessing Structure Members ..................................................................... 95 Structures as Function Arguments ............................................................... 96

Pointers to Structures ................................................................................. 97

C Unions .............................................................................. 100

Defining a Union ...................................................................................... 100

iii Accessing Union Members ........................................................................ 101 Bit Fields .............................................................................. 103

Bit Field Declaration ................................................................................. 104

Typedef ................................................................................ 106

typedef vs #define .................................................................................... 107

Input & Output ...................................................................... 108

The Standard Files .................................................................................... 108

The getchar() & putchar() functions ........................................................... 108

The gets() & puts() functions ..................................................................... 109

The scanf() and printf() functions ............................................................... 110

File I/O ................................................................................. 111

Opening Files ........................................................................................... 111

Closing a File ............................................................................................ 112

Writing a File ........................................................................................... 112

Reading a File........................................................................................... 113

Binary I/O Functions ................................................................................. 114

Preprocessors ...................................................................... 115

Preprocessors Examples ............................................................................ 115

Predefined Macros ................................................................................... 116

Preprocessor Operators ............................................................................ 117

Macro Continuation (\) .......................................................................... 117

Stringize (#) ........................................................................................... 117

Token Pasting (##)................................................................................ 118

The defined() Operator ......................................................................... 118

Parameterized Macros .............................................................................. 119

Header Files ......................................................................... 120

Include Syntax .......................................................................................... 120

Include Operation .................................................................................... 121

Once-Only Headers .................................................................................. 121

Computed Includes................................................................................... 122

Type Casting ........................................................................ 123

Integer Promotion .................................................................................... 124

Usual Arithmetic Conversion ..................................................................... 124

Error Handling ...................................................................... 126

The errno, perror() and strerror() ............................................................... 126

Divide by zero errors ................................................................................ 127

Program Exit Status .................................................................................. 128

Recursion ............................................................................. 129

Number Factorial ..................................................................................... 129

iii

Fibonacci Series ....................................................................................... 130

Variable Arguments .............................................................. 131 Memory Management .......................................................... 133 Allocating Memory Dynamically ................................................................. 133 Resizing and Releasing Memory ................................................................. 134 Command Line Arguments ................................................... 136

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C Language Overview

This chapter describes the basic details about C programming language, how it emerged, what are strengths of C and why we should use C. The C programming language is a general-purpose, high-level language that was originally developed by Dennis M. Ritchie to develop the UNIX operating system at Bell Labs. C was originally first implemented on the DEC PDP-11 computer in 1972. In 1978, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie produced the first publicly available description of C, now known as the K&R standard. The UNIX operating system, the C compiler, and essentially all UNIX applications programsquotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20

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BASIC LANGUAGE REFERENCE MANUAL

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Discovering Essential Code Elements in Informal Documentation

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C Programming Tutorial

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C Language Overview