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3 Figure 1: La croissance de la population mondiale de 1750 aux projections ˆ lÕhorizon 2100 Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm, Medium Variant;CaldwellandSchindlmayr, 2002. Figure 2 : Accroissement annuel net de la population par dŽcennie, de 1750 ˆ 2100 Sources: United Nations 2010, Repetto, 1991

8 le Mali, dont les taux de croissance de la population sont proches de 3d. A ce taux, chaque nouvelle gŽnŽration aura une taille deux fois plus grande que la gŽnŽration qui lÕa prŽcŽdŽe. Le profil des ‰ges dÕune telle population ressemble ˆ une pyramide nFigure 5). ConsidŽrons maintenant lÕavenir dŽmographique dÕEquatoria. Si ce taux de croissance continue, la population doublera tous les 25 ans. Si la population dÕEquatoria Žtait de 7 millions en 2000, comme le montre le diagramme, elle sera de 14 millions en 2025, de 28 millions en 2050, et de 56 millions en 2075. Il nÕexiste pas de pays qui puisse supporter longtemps les pressions ˆ la fois sociales et environnementales qui dŽcouleraient dÕun accroissement si rapide. Il est Žvident que le taux de croissance de la population doive dŽcliner ˆ un certain moment. Pour que ce soit le cas, il faut que le taux de fŽconditŽ se mette ˆ baisser. Le taux de fŽconditŽ est un ratio dŽfini comme le nombre de dÕenfants nŽs en moyenne dÕune femme Ç moyenne È pendant sa vie. Un taux de croissance de la population aussi ŽlevŽ que celui dÕEquatoria signifie que le taux de fŽconditŽ est au moins de 5 enfants par femme ou plus. Ceci sÕobserve encore une fois frŽquemment dans de nombreux pays en dŽveloppement. Les taux de fŽconditŽ pour les pays dÕAfrique Sub-Saharienne Žtaient en 2011 souvent plus ŽlevŽs que 5 enfants par femme : 5,7 au Nigeria, 6,4 au Mali et 7 au Niger. Dans dÕautres rŽgions du monde, de forts niveaux de fŽconditŽ sÕobservent dans des pays tels que le Guatemala n3,6 enfants par femme), lÕIraq n4,7 enfants par femme) ou lÕAfghanistan n6,3 enfants par femme) .5 5 Population Reference Bureau, nb2011.

11 population dÕEurope occidentale prŽsentŽe dans la Figure 6). Inversement, un dŽclin lent de la fŽconditŽ conduirait le monde ˆ une population bien plus ŽlevŽe et porteuse dÕun potentiel dÕaccroissement fort en 2030 nvoir figure 7). Figure 6 : Structure par ‰ge des populations de lÕAfrique Sub-Saharienne et de lÕEurope Occidentale, 1990 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2011 at http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php

40 REFERENCES Birdsall, Nancy, 1989. CEconomic Analyses of Rapid Population Growth,C The World Bank Research Observer 4n1): 23-50. Birdsall, Nancy, Allen Kelley and Stephen Sinding, 2001. Population Matters: Demographic Change, Economic Growth, and Poverty in the Developing World. New York, Oxford University Press. Boserup, Ester, 1981. Population Growth and Technological Change: A Study of Long-Term Trends, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Caldwell, John C and Thomas Schindlmayr, 2002. ÒHistorical Population Estimates: Unraveling the Consensus,Ó Population and Development Review 28n2): 183-204. Chertow, Marian R, 2000. ÒThe IPAT Equation and Its Variants: Changing Views of Technology and Environmental Impact,Ó Journal of Industrial Ecology 4n4): 13-29. Online publication 2008. Cohen, Joel E, 1995. How Many People Can the Earth Support? New York, W.W. Norton. Daly, Herman E., 1996. Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. Eberstadt, Nicholas, 2002. ÒThe Future of AIDS,Ó Foreign Affairs 81 nNovember/ December). Eberstadt, Nicholas, 2012. ÒJapan Shrinks,Ó The Wilson Quarterly, Spring: 30-37. Ehrlich, Paul R., 1968. The Population Bomb, New York: Ballantine Books. Ehrlich, Paul R. and Anne H., 1990. The Population Explosion, New York: Simon and Schuster. Ehrlich, Paul R., Anne H. Ehrlich, and Gretchen Daily, 2003. ÒFood Security, Population, and Environment,Ó in Lorey ed., Global Environmental Challenges of the Twenty-first Century. Ehrlich, Paul R. and Anne H., 2004. One with Nineveh: Politics, Consumption, and the Human Future, Washington, DC: Island Press. Engelman, Robert, 2008. More: Population, Nature, and What Women Want, Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

41 Halfon, Saul, 2007. The Cairo Consensus: demographic surveys, womenÕs empowerment, and regime change in population policy, Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. Harris, Jonathan M., Timothy A. Wise, Kevin Gallagher, and Neva R. Goodwin eds., 2001. A Survey of Sustainable Development: Social and Economic Perspectives, Washington, D.C.: Island Press. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2001. Demographic Challenges for Sustainable Development: The Laxenburg Declaration on Population and Sustainable Development http://www.popconnect.org/Laxenburg Kates, R., 1997. ÒPopulation, technology, and the human environment: A thread through time, in Technological Trajectories and the Human Environment, J. Ausubel and H. Langford eds., Washington, DC: National Academy Press, p. 33Ð55. Kelley, Allen C., 1988. CEconomic Consequences of Population Change in the Third World,C Journal of Economic Literature 26 nDecember): 1685-1728. Longman, Phillip, 2004. ÒThe Global Baby Bust,Ó Foreign Affairs 83 nMay/June). Lorey, David E., ed., 2003. Global Environmental Challenges of the Twenty-first Century: Resources, Consumption, and Sustainable Solutions, Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc. Pandya, Rameshwari, ed., 2008. Women, Welfare and Empowerment in India: A Vision for the 21st century, New Delhi: New Century Publications. Population Reference Bureau, 2011. 2011 World Population Data Sheet, Washington D.C.: Population Reference Bureau. Postel, Sandra, 2003. ÒWater For Food Production: Will There Be Enough in 2025?Ó in Lorey ed., Global Environmental Challenges of the Twenty-first Century. Repetto, Robert, 1991. Population, Resources, Environment: An Uncertain Future, Washington, D.C: Population Reference Bureau. Ryerson, William N., 2010. ÒPopulation: The Multiplier of Everything Else,Ó Chapter 12 in Richard Heinberg and Daniel Lerch, eds., The Post-Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st CenturyÕs Sustainability Crisis, Healdsburg, California: Watershed Media. Sen, Amartya, 2000. Development as Freedom, New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Shafik, N. and S. Bandyopadhyay, 1992. Economic Growth and Environmental Quality: Time Series and Cross-country Evidence, The World Bank: Policy Research Working Paper Series, no. 904.

42 Simon, Julian L., 1996. The Ultimate Resource 2, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. nOriginal publication as The Ultimate Resource, 1981). Singh, Jyoti Shankar, 2009. Creating a New Consensus on Population: the Politics of Reproductive Health, Reproductive Rights and WomenÕs Empowerment, London: Earthscan. Solow, Robert, 1986. ÒOn the Intertemporal Allocation of Natural Resources,Ó Scandinavian Journal of Economics 88 n1986): 141-149. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2010. World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm WeizsŠcker, Lovins, and Lovins, 1997. Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use, London: Earthscan. WEBISTES 1. http://eee.prb.org/ Homepage for the Population Reference Bureau, which provides data and policy analysis on U.S. and international population issues. Their World Data Sheet provides demographic data for every country in the world. 2. http://www.un.org/esa/population/unpop.htm Website for the United Nations Population Division, which provides international information on population issues including population projections. 3. http://www.populationconnection.org/ Homepage for Population Connection, a nonprofit organization that Òadvocates progressive action to stabilize world population at a level that can be sustained by EarthÕs resources.Ó