[PDF] Image and animation display with multiple mobile robots





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Image and animation display with

multiple mobile robots

The International Journal of

Robotics Research

31(6)753-773

© The Author(s) 2012

Reprints and permission:

sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav

DOI: 10.1177/0278364912442095

ijr.sagepub.comJavier Alonso-Mora 1,2 , Andreas Breitenmoser 1 , Martin Rufli 1 , Roland Siegwart 1 and Paul Beardsley

2Abstract

In this article we present a novel display that is created using a group of mobile robots. In contrast to traditional displays

that are based on a fixed grid of pixels, such as a screen or a projection, this work describes a display in which each

pixel is a mobile robot of controllable color. Pixels become mobile entities, and their positioning and motion are used

to produce a novel experience. The system input is a single image or an animation created by an artist. The first stage

is to generate physical goal configurations and robot colors to optimally represent the input imagery with the available

number of robots. The run-time system includes goal assignment, path planning and local reciprocal collision avoidance,

to guarantee smooth, fast and oscillation-free motion between images. The algorithms scale to very large robot swarms

and extend to a wide range of robot kinematics. Experimental evaluation is done for two different physical swarms of size

14 and 50 differentially driven robots, and for simulations with 1,000 robot pixels.

Keywords

image display, video display, pattern formation, multi-robot system, non-holonomic path planning1. Introduction

1.1. Motivation

Displays are ubiquitous and range from screens, handheld devices and projection to more experimental technologies such as head-mounted displays (HMDs) and immersive environments. Meanwhile the area of stereoscopic display is generating new ideas such as polarization-based 3D cin- ema, auto-stereoscopic TV, and lenticular billboards. How- ever, the idea of making a display with physical robots is unexplored. This article describes a display that uses a robot swarm to create representational images and anima- tions, with applications in entertainment. Each robot in the swarm is conceptually one mobile pixel with a RGB LED for controllable color. An example image from a robot dis- play is shown in Figure 1, where 50 robots of custom design display a red fish jumping out of blue water. A robot display is a new modality with new characteris- tics. While a traditional display like a screen is a bounded rectangle, and projection requires a surface with suitable physical characteristics, a robot display can extend freely in an environment including onto non-horizontal surfaces (using, for example, magnetic adhesion). This makes it flex- ible to achieve visibility of the display for a user or a crowd

in a variety of configurations. Another distinguishing factorof a robot display is that it not only shows an image, but thestyling and motion characteristics of the robots can be used

to affect the experience. This is relevant to entertainment applications where robots can, for example, look and move like living creatures in order to interest an audience.1.2. Contribution This paper makes three main contributions. First, it intro- duces the concept of a robotic display to show represen- tational images and animations, and describes a complete system to achieve this. The first stage is goal generation and is done offline: input imagery is used to determine phys-quotesdbs_dbs3.pdfusesText_6
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