[PDF] Examining Prospect-Refuge Theory in Architecture:

View - Download Examining Prospect-Refuge Theory in Architecture:

Previous PDF

Next PDF

Examining Prospect-Refuge Theory in Architecture:

The Impact of Spatial Dimensions on Preference Ratings for Interiors

Annemarie S. Dosen, Dipl.-Ing. FH (Koblenz)

c3155729 Supervised by Prof. Michael Ostwald and Dr. Tessa Morrison. A dissertation submitted to fulfil the requirements for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D. in Architecture).

The University of Newcastle, Australia, November 2016.

Page | ii

Page | iii The thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. I give consent to the final version of my thesis being made aǀailable worldwide when deposited in the Uniǀersity's Digital Repository, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Annemarie Dosen, November 2016

Page | iv

Page | v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very grateful for the encouragement from so many friends and colleagues and would like to thank in particular Dr. Tessa Morrison, Dr. Ken Sutton, A/Prof. Tony Williams and

A/Prof. Willy Sher for their support.

Most notably, I would like to thank Prof. Michael Ostwald, my first supervisor and mentor, who never gave up on me, who challenged me and who has provided my research with direction and rigour over the years. Thank you for all of the discussions, motivation and patience. Finally, thank you to Oliver for your support in my life.

Page | vi

Page | vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. V

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. VII

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... XI

LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... XIV

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. 1

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 3

1.1 Preface .................................................................................................................... 3

1.2 Context ................................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Research goal and aims .......................................................................................... 9

1.4 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 10

1.5 Scope and limitations ........................................................................................... 12

1.6 Structure of the thesis .......................................................................................... 14

1.7 Publications .......................................................................................................... 16

1.8 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 17

2 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................... 19

2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 19

2.2 Philosophical foundations .................................................................................... 20

2.3 Origins of prospect-refuge theory ........................................................................ 23

2.4 Prospect-refuge theory in landscape and urban design....................................... 28

2.5 Prospect-refuge theory in architecture ................................................................ 32

2.6 Prospect-refuge theory in interior design ............................................................ 36

2.7 Discussion and Conclusion.................................................................................... 37

3 EVIDENCE FOR AND AGAINST PROSPECT-REFUGE THEORY ......................................... 41

3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 41

3.2 Method ................................................................................................................. 43

3.3 Results .................................................................................................................. 45

3.2.1. Environmental preference in landscapes .................................................... 45

3.2.2. Environmental preference in urban settings ............................................... 47

3.2.3. Environmental preference in combined natural and built settings ............. 49

3.2.4. Environmental preference in interiors ........................................................ 53

3.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 59

3.5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 64

4 PAST RESEARCH: METHODOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ............................................. 67

Page | viii

4.1 Research methodologies and prospect-refuge theory ......................................... 67

4.1.1. Prospect-refuge theory in landscape ........................................................... 68

4.1.2. Prospect-refuge theory in urban design ...................................................... 72

4.1.3. Prospect-refuge theory in natural and built scenes ..................................... 74

4.1.4. Prospect-refuge theory in interior design .................................................... 75

4.2 Discussion.............................................................................................................. 78

4.2.1. The questionnaire ........................................................................................ 81

4.2.2. Type of stimuli .............................................................................................. 82

4.2.3. Viewing conditions ....................................................................................... 83

4.2.4. The participants ............................................................................................ 84

4.2.5. Content of stimuli ......................................................................................... 86

4.3 Combined approaches of survey methods and computational analysis .............. 86

4.4 Discussion and conclusions ................................................................................... 89

5 SOCIOLOGICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS ..................................... 93

5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 93

5.2 Research approaches in architecture ................................................................... 94

5.3 Research methodologies....................................................................................... 96

5.4 Advantages and disadvantages of research methods ........................................ 101

5.5 Research methods in social sciences .................................................................. 105

5.5.1. Survey methods .......................................................................................... 105

5.5.2. Questionnaires ........................................................................................... 107

5.5.3. Case studies ................................................................................................ 108

5.5.4. Observation ................................................................................................ 108

5.5.5. Interviews ................................................................................................... 109

5.5.6. Document analysis ..................................................................................... 110

5.5.7. Selecting a method ..................................................................................... 110

5.6 Data analysis and presentation ........................................................................... 111

5.6.1. Preparing data for the analysis .................................................................. 111

5.6.2. Types of quantitative data ......................................................................... 111

5.6.3. Descriptive statistics and standard deviation ............................................ 112

5.6.4. Correlation of data ..................................................................................... 113

5.6.5. Interferential statistics: statistical significance .......................................... 114

5.6.6. Summary of recommendations .................................................................. 115

5.7 Mathematical-computational analysis methods ................................................ 116

Page | ix

5.7.1. Shape grammars ........................................................................................ 116

5.7.2. Isovist analysis............................................................................................ 118

5.7.3. Space syntax............................................................................................... 121

5.7.4. Fractal analysis ........................................................................................... 124

5.7.5. Discussion .................................................................................................. 125

5.8 Discussion and conclusions ................................................................................ 126

6 RESEARCH IMPLEMENTATON AND DEMOGRAPHIC DATA ......................................... 129

6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 129

6.2 The research method ......................................................................................... 129

6.3 The survey method ............................................................................................. 130

6.3.1. Pilot study .................................................................................................. 130

6.3.2. The final test environment ........................................................................ 131

6.3.3. Stimuli variations ....................................................................................... 134

6.3.4. Implementation ......................................................................................... 136

6.3.5. The participants ......................................................................................... 139

6.3.6. Data presentation ...................................................................................... 143

6.4 Methodological-computational analysis using isovist and dimensional properties

143

6.4.1. Relevant isovist and spatial properties ...................................................... 143

6.4.2. Implementation of isovist and actual measures ........................................ 145

6.4.3. Fractal analysis ........................................................................................... 146

6.5 Comparison method ........................................................................................... 149

7 ENCLOSURE AND EXPOSURE: COMPARING PERCEIVED RATINGS AND ACTUAL

PROPERTIES .......................................................................................................................... 151

7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 151

7.2 Results for enclosure .......................................................................................... 152

7.2.1. Perceived ratings for rooms ....................................................................... 152

7.2.2. Perceived ratings divided by demographic factors .................................... 154

7.2.3. Perceived ratings compared with room properties ................................... 157

7.2.4. Perceived ratings compared with isovist properties ................................. 160

7.3 Results for exposure ........................................................................................... 167

7.3.1. Perceived ratings for rooms ....................................................................... 167

7.3.2. Perceived ratings divided by demographic factors .................................... 169

7.3.3. Perceived ratings compared with room properties ................................... 172

Page | x

7.3.4. Perceived ratings compared with isovist properties .................................. 174

7.4 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 180

8 COMFORT: COMPARING PERCEIVED RATINGS AND ACTUAL PROPERTIES ................. 183

8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 183

8.2 Results ................................................................................................................. 184

8.2.1. Perceived ratings for rooms ....................................................................... 184

8.2.2. Perceived ratings divided by demographic factors .................................... 186

8.2.3. Perceived ratings compared with room properties ................................... 190

8.2.4. Perceived ratings compared with isovist properties .................................. 192

8.3 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 199

9 VISUAL COMPLEXITY: COMPARING PERCEIVED RATINGS AND ACTUAL PROPERTIES 201

9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 201

9.2 Results ................................................................................................................. 201

9.2.1. Perceived ratings for rooms ....................................................................... 201

9.2.2. Perceived ratings divided by demographic factors .................................... 203

9.2.3. Perceived ratings compared with room properties ................................... 206

9.2.4. Perceived ratings compared with isovist properties .................................. 207

9.2.5. Perceived ratings compared with fractal dimensions ................................ 213

9.3 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 217

10 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 219

10.1 Revisiting the aims .............................................................................................. 219

10.2 Research aim 1: Past findings ............................................................................. 221

10.3 Research aim 2: Lived and geometric space ....................................................... 223

10.4 Research aim 3: Empirical and computational testing ....................................... 225

10.5 Discussion............................................................................................................ 228

10.6 Future research ................................................................................................... 231

10.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 232

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 235

APPENDIX A: COMPLETE SET OF STIMULI (MATRIX) ............................................................ 253

APPENDIX B: ROOM MEASURES, ISOVIST MEASURES AND FRACTAL DIMENSIONS ............ 255 APPENDIX C: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARTS FOR CHAPTERS SEVEN, EIGHT AND NINE ................ 257 APPENDIX D: FRACTAL DIMENSION ANALYSIS WITH ARCHIMAGE SOFTWARE: AN EXAMPLE CALCULATION FOR ROOM 3 OF OPENING TYPE B (D1 - ROOM ONLY) ................................. 321

Page | xi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Research aims and methods. .................................................................................. 10

Figure 3.1: Findings of studies into the impact of prospect (P), refuge (R) and mystery (M) in

landscape environments. .............................................................................................. 47

Figure 3.2: Findings of studies into the impact of prospect (P), refuge (R), mystery (M) and

complexity (C) in urban environments. ......................................................................... 49

Figure 3.3: Findings of studies into the impact of prospect (P), refuge (R) and mystery (M) in

natural and built environments. ................................................................................... 50

Figure 3.4: Findings of studies into the impact of prospect (P), refuge (R), mystery (M) and

complexity (C) in interiors. ............................................................................................ 57

Figure 3.5: The thirty-four studies divided by (1) venue and (2) decade when the research was

conducted. ..................................................................................................................... 60

Figure 3.6: Findings grouped by outcome and factor (prospect, refuge, mystery and

complexity). ................................................................................................................... 61

Figure 3.7: Findings for (1) prospect and (2) refuge by all venues. ....................................... 62

Figure 3.8: Findings for (1) mystery and (2) complexity by all venues. ................................. 62

Figure 3.9: Findings divided by venue and factor (prospect, refuge, mystery and complexity).

....................................................................................................................................... 63

Figure 4.1: Example scenes for a (1) refuge-dominant, (2) prospect-refuge balanced, (3)

prospect-dominant environment. ................................................................................. 69

Figure 4.2: Example scenes for (1) strong refuge, (2) prospect-refuge balance, and (3)

prospect (original image) (Conrad 1993). ..................................................................... 71

Figure 4.3: Percentage of tests by type of questionnaire. ..................................................... 82

Figure 4.4: Percentage of tests by type of stimuli. ................................................................ 83

Figure 4.5: Percentage of tests by (1) age of participants and by (2) group size of participants.

....................................................................................................................................... 84

Figure 4.6: Percentage of tests by group size of stimuli. ....................................................... 86

Figure 5.1: Relationship between inductive and deductive reasoning and theory. ............ 100

Figure 5.2: A simple two rule shape grammar (Knight 1981). ............................................. 117

Figure 5.3. Isovist terms. ...................................................................................................... 118

Figure 5.4: A convex map of a simple villa (Hanson 1998). ................................................. 122

Figure 5.5: Axial analysis of an urban environment (Hillier and Hanson 1984). .................. 123

Page | xii

Figure 6.1. Original background image and after its opacity was reduced to 30 % for its use in

the test rooms. ............................................................................................................ 132

Figure 6.2. Examples of stimuli used: (1) room 1 of type A opening (window band), (2) room

4 of type B opening (columns dividing full-height windows) and (3) room 8 of type C

(high, uninterrupted openings). .................................................................................. 135

Figure 6.3. Survey responses by submission date. ............................................................... 140

Figure 6.4. Participant's age diǀided by gender. .................................................................. 140

Figure 6.5. Participants divided (1) by continent and (2) by their educational background in

architectural design. .................................................................................................... 141

Figure 6.6. Participant's local background (1) where they grew up and (2) where they liǀed

predominantly during past ten years. ......................................................................... 142

Figure 6.7. Participant's residence size. ............................................................................... 142

Figure 6.8. Three examples of the stimuli used and their corresponding isovists; sectional (S)

and plan (P) views. ....................................................................................................... 145

Figure 6.9. Line drawing variations of room B3, used for fractal analysis: (1) room, (2) room with backdrop, (3) room with furniture and decoration, and (4) room with backdrop, furniture and decoration. The line weight of the four images have been increased to be

included in this figure. ................................................................................................. 148

Figure 7.1. Mean ratings for perceived enclosure (N = 159) for room one to eight, divided by

opening type. ............................................................................................................... 153

Figure 7.2 Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived enclosure and room

properties. ................................................................................................................... 158

Figure 7.3. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived enclosure and isovist

properties in plan ........................................................................................................ 162

Figure 7.4. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived enclosure and

sectional isovist properties .......................................................................................... 162

Figure 7.5. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived enclosure and the

sum of isovist properties ............................................................................................. 163

Figure 7.6. Mean of perceived exposure by opening type A to C and room variations 1 to 8.

..................................................................................................................................... 168

Figure 7.7. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived exposure and room

properties .................................................................................................................... 173

Figure 7.8. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived exposure and isovist

properties in plan ........................................................................................................ 175

Page | xiii

Figure 7.9. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived exposure and

sectional isovist properties ......................................................................................... 175

Figure 7.10. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived exposure and the

sum of isovist properties ............................................................................................. 176

Figure 8.1 Mean ratings for perceived comfort (N = 159) for room one to eight divided by

opening type. .............................................................................................................. 185

Figure 8.2. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived comfort and room

properties .................................................................................................................... 191

Figure 8.3. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived comfort and isovist

properties in plan view ................................................................................................ 193

Figure 8.4. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived comfort and the sum

of plan and sectional isovists ...................................................................................... 193

Figure 8.5. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived comfort and

sectional isovist properties ......................................................................................... 194

Figure 9.1. Mean ratings for perceived visual complexity (N = 159) for room one to eight

divided by opening type. ............................................................................................. 202

Figure 9.2. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived visual complexity

and room properties ................................................................................................... 207

Figure 9.3. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived visual complexity

and isovist properties in plan view .............................................................................. 208

Figure 9.4. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for visual complexity and the sum

of isovist properties ..................................................................................................... 209

Figure 9.5. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived visual complexity

and sectional isovist properties .................................................................................. 209

Figure 9.6. Correlation coefficient r between mean ratings for perceived visual complexity

and the fractal dimension ........................................................................................... 216

Figure 10.1. The rooms rated as most (1) and least (2) enclosing ....................................... 225

Figure 10.2. The rooms rated as least (1) and most (2) exposing ........................................ 225

Figure 10.3. The rooms rated as least (1) and most (2) comfortable .................................. 226

Page | xiv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Types of prospect. Source: Appleton (1975). ........................................................ 26

Table 2.2: Types of vantage-points. Source: Appleton (1975). .............................................. 26

Table 2.3: Types of refuge. Source: Appleton (1975). ............................................................ 27

Table 2.4: Types of hazards. Source: Appleton (1975). .......................................................... 27

Table 2.5͗ Wright's pattern. Source͗ Hildebrand (1991). ....................................................... 33

Table 2.6: Characteristics. Source: Hildebrand (1991). .......................................................... 34

Table 2.7: Frequency of words used to define prospect-refuge theory. ............................... 37

Table 3.1: Findings relating to environmental preference in landscapes. ............................. 46

Table 3.2: Findings relating to environmental preference in urban settings. ........................ 48

Table 3.3: Findings relating to environmental preference in in combined natural and built

settings. ......................................................................................................................... 51

Table 3.4: Findings relating to environmental preference in interiors. ................................. 53

Table 3.5: Findings relating to environmental preference summarised for all venues. ........ 61

Table 4.1: Overview of compared studies and their survey methods. .................................. 79

Table 4.2: Methodological issues raised in past research and future responses. ................. 90

Table 5.1: A comparison of qualitative and quantitative research ...................................... 104

Table 6.1. Matrix of room variations: three sets of eight rooms. ........................................ 134

Table 7.1. Mean of perceived enclosure and the standard deviation by opening type and

room variation. ............................................................................................................ 153

Table 7.2. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceived enclosure with room measures .................................................................. 158

Table 7.3. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceived enclosure with plan isovist measures ......................................................... 164

Table 7.4. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceived enclosure with sectional isovist measures ................................................. 165

Table 7.5. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceiǀed enclosure with є plan н sectional isoǀist measures.................................... 166

Table 7.6. Mean of perceived exposure and the standard deviation by opening type and room

variation. ...................................................................................................................... 168

Table 7.7 Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceived exposure with room measures ................................................................... 174

Table 7.8. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceived exposure with plan isovist measures .......................................................... 177

Page | xv

Table 7.9. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceived exposure with sectional isovist measures .................................................. 178

Table 7.10. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceived exposure with є of plan and sectional isoǀist measures ............................ 179

Table 8.1. Mean of perceived comfort and the standard deviation by opening type and room

variation. ..................................................................................................................... 185

Table 8.2. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceived comfort with room measures ..................................................................... 192

Table 8.3. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceived comfort with plan isovist measures ........................................................... 196

Table 8.4. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceived comfort with є of plan and sectional isovist measures .............................. 197

Table 8.5. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceived comfort with sectional isovist measures .................................................... 198

Table 9.1. Mean of perceived visual complexity and the standard deviation by opening type

and room variation. ..................................................................................................... 203

Table 9.2. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceived visual complexity with room measures ...................................................... 207

Table 9.3. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceived visual complexity with plan isovist measures ............................................ 210

Table 9.4. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of perceived visual complexity with є of plan and sectional isoǀist measures ............... 211 Table 9.5. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceived visual complexity with sectional isovist measures ..................................... 212

Table 9.6. Pearson's correlation coefficient r and probability value p for mean ratings of

perceived visual complexity with fractal dimensions ................................................. 216

Page | 1

ABSTRACT

Prospect-refuge theory was initially proposed in the 1970s to explain human emotional responses to particular natural environments and conditions. Over the following decades, environmental psychologists repeatedly tested various assumptions implicit in the theory, including the central argument that particular combinations of outlook and enclosure educe feelings of pleasure while being experienced. In the 1990s architectural scholars and critics adopted prospect-refuge theory and then adapted its central premise to suggest that the combination of particular spatial characteristics, including enclosure, exposure and complexity, can generate a positive emotional response to a space and shape perceptions of comfort. However, despite this theory being repeatedly cited by design scholars and linked to works of highly awarded architects, the empirical evidence for it is inconsistent and there are few methods available to translate human perceptions into specific design responses. This dissertation has three, interconnected aims. The first is to critically reassess past research into prospect-refuge theory to identify which results hare valid or useful for architecture, and which need further development and refinement. This first aim is fulfilled through a two-part literature review, including a quantitative meta-analysis of both results and methods. The second aim is to compare human perceptions of simple room configurations with the actual or measured spatio-visual properties of these same rooms and the third aim is to reassess human preferences for particular combinations of outlook,quotesdbs_dbs32.pdfusesText_38

[PDF] règle de prospect urbanisme

[PDF] implantation des constructions par rapport aux limites séparatives

[PDF] règle de prospect code de l'urbanisme

[PDF] implantation des constructions par rapport aux voies et emprises publiques

[PDF] construction géométrique compas

[PDF] la regle et le compas en franc maconnerie

[PDF] construction compas cycle 3

[PDF] construction compas ce2

[PDF] construire racine de 3 ? la règle et au compas

[PDF] dessin au compas avec explication

[PDF] la règle et le compas

[PDF] cours batiment pdf

[PDF] guide pratique maçonnerie pdf

[PDF] cours de construction de batiment

[PDF] technologie de construction batiment pdf