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DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES

POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTU

RAL AND COHESION POLICIES

TRANSPORT AND TOURISM

INTEGRATED TICKETING

ON LONG-DISTANCE

PASSENGER TRANSPORT SERVICES

STUDY This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and

Tourism.

AUTHORS

TRT Trasporti e Territorio - Silvia MAFFII, Alessio SITRAN, Marco BRAMBILLA, Angelo

MARTINO

MKmetric - Dr. Benedikt MANDEL, Oliver SCHNELL

RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR

Marc THOMAS

Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies

European Parliament

B-1047 Brussels

E-mail:

poldep-cohesion@europarl.europa.eu

EDITORIAL ASSISTANT

Nora RÉVÉSZ

LINGUISTIC VERSIONS

Original: EN.

Translation: FR.

ABOUT THE PUBLISHER

To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its monthly newsletter please write to: poldep-cohesion@europarl.europa.eu

Manuscript completed in August 2012.

Brussels, © European Union, 2012.

This document is available on the Internet at:

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies

DISCLAIMER

The opinions expressed in this document are th

e sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy.

DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES

POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTU

RAL AND COHESION POLICIES

TRANSPORT AND TOURISM

INTEGRATED TICKETING

ON LONG-DISTANCE

PASSENGER TRANSPORT SERVICES

STUDY

Abstract

This study deals with the issue of integrated ticketing on long-distance passenger transport services. By presenting and assessing selected practices in this domain, it highlights the major policy and technical challenges and formulates recommendations for further EU action on this issue.

IP/B/TRAN/IC/2010-0134 2012

PE 474.566 EN

Integrated Ticketing on long-distance passenger transport services

CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 9

LIST OF FIGURES 13

LIST OF TABLES 13

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 15

1 17INTRODUCTION

1.1 17Foreword

1.2

18Objectives

1.3

18Structure of the report

2 19

INTEGRATED TICKETING ON LONG-DISTANCE TRIPS:

OVERVIE

W AND CURRENT CHALLENGES

2.1 19The EU policy framework

2.2

23The market for long-distance passenger transport

2.3

26Long-distance passenger transport intermodality

2.4

32Major challenges to ticketing integration on long-distance trips

3 37CASE STUDIES

3.1 39"AIRail": a cooperation of Lufthansa and Deutsche Bahn

3.2 42
"Flyrail": air-rail integration between SAS Scandinavian Airlines and Statens 3.3

46The "Multifly" product: a cooperation between Trenitalia and Meridiana fly

3.4 47
The "Rail&Fly" cooperation between Deutsche Bahn and airlines/tour operators 3.5

48The "Rail&Fly" cooperation between MÁV-START railways and MALÉV

3.6

49"tgvair": air-rail cooperation offered by SNCF

3.7

51"TGV Air France": air-rail integration between Paris and Brussels

3.8 52
Air-rail intermodality outside Europe: the cooperation between Continental

Airlines and AMTRAK

3.9

53The Railteam alliance: towards increased high-speed rail integration

5 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies

3.10 56The Thalys-ICE experience: the missing link in rail-rail integration

3.11 58
Rail-ferry integration: through-ticketing cooperation between Deutsche Bahn and Stena Line 3.12 59
The "Ausflugsticket": a cooperation between ÖBB, MÁV-START and local transport operators 3.13 61
The "OV-chipkaart": an example of nationwide transport integration in the

Netherlands

3.14

63Overall considerations

4 65THE STAKEHOLDERS' PERSPECTIVE

4.1 65The stakeholders' consultation: aim and methodology

4.2

66EU initiatives in ticketing integration

4.3

67Air-rail ticketing integration

4.4

68Rail-rail ticketing integration

4.5

68Other issues

5 71SWOT ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

5.1 71SWOT analysis

5.2

77Drivers and barriers for future developments

6 79CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 79The policy framework

6.2

80Air-rail integration

6.3

81Rail-rail integration

6.4

82Recommendations and role of the EU

REFERENCES 85

6 Integrated Ticketing on long-distance passenger transport services

ANNEX A:

ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN AIRPORTS INTERCONNECTED WITH RAIL

LINKS 91

ANNEX B:

SCHOLARLY LITERATURE ON AIR-RAIL INTERMODALITY 93

ANNEX C:

THE TAP-TSI: AN OVERVIEW 95

ANNEX D:

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED CASE STUDIES

97
D.1 97"AIRail": a cooperation of Lufthansa and Deutsche Bahn D.2 102
"Rail&Fly": a cooperation between Deutsche Bahn and airlines/tour operators D.3

107The Thalys-ICE experience: the missing link in rail-rail integration

ANNEX E:

LIST OF CONSULTED STAKEHOLDERS 109

ANNEX F:

SAMPLE OF THE QUESTIONS SUBMITTED TO THE STAKEHOLDERS 111 7 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies 8 Integrated Ticketing on long-distance passenger transport services

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CDG Aéroport de Paris Charles de Gaulle

COAIR Continental Airlines

CRS Computerised Reservation Systems

DATALINE EU Project assessing European long-distance passenger travels

DB Deutsche Bahn (German railways)

DG TREN European Commission, former DG Transport and Energy (now

DG MOVE)

EC European Commission

EP European Parliament

ERA European Railway Agency

ETTSA European Technology and Travel Services Association

EU European Union

FCO Rome Fiumicino Airport

FP(s) Framework Programme(s)

GDS Global distribution systems

GHG Greenhouse gas

HSL(s) High-speed rail line(s)

IARO International Air-Rail Organisation

IATA International Air Transport Association

IC InterCity Trains

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

ICE InterCity Trains (operated by DB)

9 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies INRETS Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur

Sécurité

INTERCONNECT EU Project assessing local and regional interconnections in the context of long-distance passenger journeys

IRT Integrated Reservation Tickets

ITF International Transport Forum

ITS Intelligent Transport Systems

KITE EU Project on a Knowledge Base on intermodal travel in Europe

Km Kilometre

LGW London Gatwick Airport

LHR London Heathrow Airport

Mpkm Million Passenger Kilometre

MXP Milan Malpensa Airport

NRT Non Reservation Tickets

NS Nederlandse Spoorwagen (Dutch railways)

NTS National Travel Survey(s)

ÖBB Österreichische Bundesbahnen (Austrian railways)

ORY Paris Orly Airport

Pkm Passenger Kilometre (one passenger transported over a distance of one km)

PT Public transport

PTAs Public Transport Authorities

PTOs Public Transport Operators

RAIFF Rail/Air Inter-modality Facilitation Forum

RDT Research and Technological Development

10 Integrated Ticketing on long-distance passenger transport services RENFE Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles (Spanish railways)

RIT Rail Inclusive Tour

SAS Scandinavian Airlines

SBB Schweizerische Bundesbahnen (Swiss railways)

SNCB Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Belges (Belgian railways) SNCF Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français (French railways)

STN London Stansted Airport

SWOT Strenghts, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats

SXF Berlin Schoenefeld Airport

TAP Telematic Applications for Passenger services

TCV Tarif commun international pour le transport des voyageurs (Standard International Passenger Tariff)

TEN-T Trans-European Transport Network

TGV Train à grande vitesse (High speed train)

TRAN Transport and Tourism Committee of the European Parliament

TSI Technical Specifications for Interoperability

US United States of America

VKO Moscow Vnukovo Airport

11 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies 12 Integrated Ticketing on long-distance passenger transport services

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1

Market s

hares by mode and country for journeys over 400 km 25

FIGURE 2

European

airports by traffic flows and interconnectivity with rail modes 28

FIGURE 3

E xisting cooperation between rail operators in Europe 31

FIGURE 4

Comparison between national and international rail traffic in

Europe (2007) 32

FIGURE D.1

Screen shot of

KLM website for Cologne-New York bookings 101

FIGURE D.2

Screen

shot of Lufthansa website for Cologne-New York bookings with "AIRail" 102

FIGURE D.3

T UIfly aircraft with ICE-livery promoting "Rail&Fly" 103

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1

M ain European projects and studies on passenger intermodality 21

TABLE 2

Share of international long-distance journeys in selected EU countries 24

TABLE 3

Yearly traffic by clusters of airports (Millions of passengers, year 2010) 29

TABLE 4

Overview of selected case studies 38

TABLE 5

The "AIRail" case study 41

TABLE 6

Ticket options available with "Flyrail" 43

TABLE 7

Types of delivery methods available with "Flyrail" 44

TABLE 8

The "Flyrail" case study 45

TABLE 9

The "Multifly" case study 46

TABLE 10

The "Rail&Fly" (DE) case study 48

13 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies

TABLE 11

The "Rail&Fly" (HU) case study 49

TABLE 12

The "tgvair" case study 50

TABLE 13

The "TGV Air France" case study 51

TABLE 14

The COAIR-AMTRAK case study 53

TABLE 15

The Railteam case study 55

TABLE 16

The Thalys-ICE case study 57

TABLE 17

The DB-Stena Line case study 59

TABLE 18

The "Ausflugsticket" case study 60

TABLE 19

The OV-chipkaart case study 62

TABLE 20

Overview of the case studies assessment 63

TABLE 21

Conceptual structure of the SWOT framework 71

TABLE 22

SWOT analysis of air-rail integration 72

TABLE 23

SWOT analysis of rail-rail integration 74

TABLE 24

SWOT analysis of ferry-rail integration 75

TABLE 25

SWOT analysis of rail-PT integration 76

TABLE 26

Summary of main drivers and barriers for the future development of long-distance integrated ticketing 77

TABLE B.1

Overview of scholarly literature on air-rail integration 93

TABLE D.1

Ticket revenues on Thalys routes 107

14 Integrated Ticketing on long-distance passenger transport services

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Integrated ticketing can be defined as the purchase of a single ticket that allows passengers to travel on one or more mode(s) of transport provided by one or more operator(s). It is an important component of the broader concept of integrated transport, whose purpose it is to make interchanges between modes/operators as seamless as possible. Current practices in the EU suggest that ticketing integration on long-distance passenger transport services is a complex issue. Its feasibility encounters a number of legislative, technical and competition-related hurdles that result from the differences between the many transport environments that have to be combined. Integrated ticketing per se is not an objective, it is rather a means of making multimodal transport more attractive for the users and of promoting a more efficient use of existing infrastructure and services. Only limited statistical evidence is available on long-distance intermodal travel and no common definition of long-distance trips exists across Europe, which makes it difficult to provide a precise overview of the main characteristics and size of this market. Nevertheless, one can say with absolute certainty that long-distance integrated ticketing remains a limited phenomenon restricted to certain niche markets. However, stakeholders suggest tha t, even though difficult to estimate, potential for such a market does exist and may gain importance in the longer term. As further reiterated by the 2011 White Paper on transport policy, ticketing integration remains an EU policy objective related to the promotion of sustainable intermodal passenger transport across Europe as an alternative to private modes of transport and as a better use of available capacity of the whole system. The study shows that, as far as the long-distance market segment is concerned, progress has been slow and no significant advancements have been made. Rail-rail integration remains weak, as evidenced by the limited number of practices found by this study. Policy measures in this area have essentially addressed the achievement of technical interoperability improvements among domestic networks, while less attention has been paid to the integration of booking and ticketing schemes for trips involving more than one operator. All national networks are, in fact, virtually interconnected. However, overall, the network remains inefficiently coordinated at European level, notably because of an inadequate transparency of market conditions. Whether the opening of the market to new operators will push toward an integrated approach or, by contrast, will eventually undermine the limited results achieved so far, remains to be seen, particularly in the absence of any policy action. A different picture emerges in relation to the cooperation between air and rail, which has shown some progress over the last decade. Serving major hub-airports, air-rail intermodality has been viewed as a valuable strategy to alleviate congestion and capacity constraints at European airports by making use of high-speed rail services as a substitute for short-haul flights. That said, most air-rail products are still positioned as "niche products" which are offered by only a few operators subject to bilateral arrangements. Multilateral cooperation between air and rail operators is made difficult not only by the fact that these two modes of transport rely upon different business models which are not easy 15 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies to integrate and make compatible, but also by defensive strategies applied by big operators. Furthermore, this type of intermodal product needs a high volume of passengers to be economic and financially viable, as well as an adequate infrastructure, i.e. a high-speed railway station available inside the air terminal. This, consequently, limits the number of airports where integration is possible. It has to be noted that while air-rail ticket integration can support and push forward intermodal travelling, it is not a prerequisite per se. Passenger traffic data show that, whenever there is an adequate level of long-distance rail services available directly at airports, trains and airplanes are largely used in a complementary way, even without integrated schemes.

The analysis of case studies show

s that a clearer definition of passengers' rights for multimodal long-distance transport is a prerequisite for a successful integration of tickets and reservations. Currently a unimodal approach is in place, where each operator is responsible for its own leg of the multimodal trip only, with no mutual responsibility for travel disruption, and this reduces the attractiveness of air-rail integration for users.quotesdbs_dbs11.pdfusesText_17

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