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Farm Irrigation

System Evaluation:

A Guide for Management

(Third Edition)

Utah State University

By: John L, Merriam

Logan, Utah

Jack K(eller

1978

FARM IRRIGATION SYSTEM EVALUATION:

A GUIDE FOR MANAGEMENT

John L. Merriam

Department

of Agricultural

Engi.neering

California

Polytechnic

State University

Jack Keller

Department

of Agricultural and Irrigation Engineering

Utah State University

1978

The United States

Agency for International

Develop

ment provided financial support for this edition under contract AID/csd-2459 with the Department of

Agricultural

and Irrigation Engineering at Utah

State University at Logan, Utah.

All opinions,

conclusions, and recommendations stated herein are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the funding agency or of the United States

Government.

Printed

in the United States of America 1978
i

PREFACE

Widespread interest in Irrigation System Evaluation and Improve ment, by J. L. erriam as a guide to better irrigation practice has been encouraging.

It has been used by irrigators, land managers,

technicians, and studeats who have had varied experience in irrigation.

Some found the explanations exressively

detailed, but others expressed the wish to see more idvanced information published. This new text, which incorporates much of the earlier material is been written to promote wider use of the evaluation techniques ai. the suggestions for better practices in irrigation management.

Professor John L. Merriam -f the Agricultural

Ergineering Depart

ment at California Polytechnic State University has been largely responsible for teorganizing and expanding the surface irrigation concepts by including basin and basin-check irrigation, simplified techniques for use with furrow and border methods, and more explanation of standard procedure and management practices. Dr. Jack Keller, who is Professor of Irrigation Engineering at Utah State University, has had the major responsibility for the sprinkle and trickle irrigation sections. The information about sprinkle irrigation has been expanded by including descriptions and discussions of the many variations of sprinkle systems which include sprinkler-lateral, perforated pipe, orchard sprinkler, traveling sprinkler, center pivot, and gun sprinkler systems.

The book has been

further enhanced by additional new infotmation abcut trickle (drip) systems.

Together

the authors have almost 75 years of combined design, field and teaching experience in irrigation engineering. During their many years of practical field irrigation engineering experiences, they have had direct field involvement with all of the evaluation techniques and management practices discussed.

To avoid confusion with certain

similar but more general terms, three important terms used frequently in the earlier text have been renamed. Irrigation

System Efficiency

is now called Potential Application Efficiency of the Low Quarter; Actual Application Efficiency is now called Application Efficiency of the Low Quarter; and

Distribution Efficiency

has been hanged to Distribution

Uniformity.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE

Pg

ABSTRACT.

xiv

Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION

1

Need for System Evaluation

1

Basic Concepts

and Terms 2

Soil moisture

3

Irrigation

techniques 7

Uniformity and effiLiency

of irrigation 8

Intentional

Under irrigation

13 High

Frequency Irrigation

15

Uniformity, Efficiency,

and Economics 17

TI. SPRINKLER-LATERAL

IRRIGATION

19

Simple Evaluation

22

Equipment needed

22

Field measurements

22

Analysis and recommendations

25

Summary of simple evaluation .

27

Full Evaluation

27

Equipment needed

28

FiId procedure

30

Utilization

of field data 35

Distribution

Uniformity

35

Coefficient

of Uniformity .39

Applying DU and UC 40

41

Potential Application

Efficiency

Application

Efficiency

. .43

Analysis and recommendations

. .44

Summary of full evaluation

47

Supplemental

evaluation . .48 51

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Chapter Page

III. PERFORATED PIPE SPRINKLE IRRIGATION

Evaluation . .52

Equipment needed 53

Field procedure 55

Utilization of field data 57

Aralysis and recQ-mendations . .61

IV. ORCHARD SPRINKLER IRRIGATION 65

Evaluation 66

Equipment needed 67

Field procedure 69

Utilization of field data 71

Average application rate 72

Distribution Characteristic . 73

Storage Efficiency . .74

Analysis and recommendations . 76

Summary .. 79

V. CENTER PIVOT SPRINKLE IRRIGATION 81

Evaluation 82

Equipment needed 83

Field procedure ... . .. 86

Utilization of field data . .. 88

Distribution Uniformity . .. . . 88

Potential Application fficiency .. 90

Application Efficiency . .. .. 92

Application rates . . .. . . 92

Analysis and recommendations .. . . 93

Summary .. . . .. .. 94

VI. TRAVELING SPRINKLER IRRIGATION . 97

Evaluation . .. .99

Equipment needed . . . . .. 102

Field procedure . . .. .. . 102

Utilization of field data . . . . 104

Distribution Uniformity . . . .. 105

Potential Application Efficiency. .. 107

Application Efficiency ... . . 107

Application Rate . . .. .. 108

Analysis and recommendations ... . 108

Summary .1. . .. . 110

iv

VII. GUN AND BOOM SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

111

Evaluation . ..

.. . 113

Equipment needed

. ... . 113

Field procedure

116

Utilization of field data

.. . . 119

Distribution Uniformity

.. .. . 119

Potential Application Efficiency

.. 121

Application Efficiency ....

122

Analysis and recommendations .. . . 122

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