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State of

the World"s

Indigenous

Peoples

State of

the World"s

Indigenous

Peoples

Department of Economic and Social Affairs

Division for Social Policy and Development

Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous IssuesUnited Nations

New York, 2009

ST/ESA/328

STATE OF THE WORLD'S INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

ii DESA

The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between

global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works

in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and

environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common

problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many

intergovernmental bodies on joint course of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it

advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United

Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps

build national capacities. Note The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reect those of the United Nations. The

designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression

of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitations of its frontiers.

The term “country" as used in the text of the present report also refers, as appropriate, to territories

or areas. The designations of country groups in the text and the tables are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of the names of firms and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the

United Nations.

Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters comb ined with gures.

ST/ESA/328

United Nations publication

Sales No. 09.VI.13

ISBN 92-1-130283-7

Copyright © United Nations, 2009

All rights reserved

Printed by the United Nations, New York

STATE OF THE WORLD'S INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

iii

Acknowledgements

The State of the World"s Indigenous Peoples has been a collaborative effort in which a number of experts and

organizations have participated. The thematic chapters were written by Joji Carino, Duane Champagne, Neva Collings, Myrna Cunningham,

Dalee Sambo Dorough, Naomi Kipuri and Mililani Trask. The introduction was written by the Secretariat of the

Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.

The Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues oversaw the preparation of the publication. Elsa

Stamatopoulou, Chief of the Secretariat provided overall leadership throughout the entire process of preparing this

publication. Broddi Sigurdarson was managing editor for the production o f the publication from its inception.

Important contributions were made by Sonia Smallacombe, Carol Pollack, Juan Fernando Nuñez, Maria Luz

Aragon, Ekaterina Gorbunova and Anna Satarova. Contributions were also made by Oksana Burnabaeva, Olga

Khovenmei, Bonney Hartley, Tobias Langenbach and Elizabeth Martinez.

Special gratitude goes to the Russian Association of the Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON) and the Yamal

Nenets Autonomous Okrug for organizing an expert Group Meeting in Salekhard, Russian Federation which brought

together the authors and other experts for a three day meeting in preparation for this publication. The efforts of

Pavel Sulyandziga were particularly valuable in organizing this meeting. Other individuals also contributed to this

meeting. They include: Rodion Sulyandziga, Yana Dordina, William Langeveldt and Oksana Ilyina.

Special acknowledgements go to the editor, Diana Vinding and also to Ziad Al-Kadri and Marko Srdanovic of the

UN Graphic Design Unit, Department of Public Information. Jomo Kwame Sundaram, Assistant-Secretary-General for Economic Development, and Anisuzzaman Chowdhury of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs provided invaluable com ments.

STATE OF THE WORLD'S INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

v Foreword to the State of the World's Indigenous Peoples By Mr. Sha Zukang, Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs

Indigenous peoples are custodians of some of the most biologically diverse territories in the world. They are also

responsible for a great deal of the world's linguistic and cultural diversity, and their traditional knowledge has

been and continues to be an invaluable resource that benefits all of m ankind.

Yet, indigenous peoples continue to suffer discrimination, marginalization, extreme poverty and conflict. Some

are being dispossessed of their traditional lands as their livelihoods are being undermined. Meanwhile, their

belief systems, cultures, languages and ways of life continue to be thre atened, sometimes even by extinction.

Increasingly, governments are recognizing these threats, and matching such recognition with action. From land

claims settlements and constitutional amendments to important symbolic actions such as apologies for past

treatment of indigenous peoples, governments around the world are making important steps towards addressing

indigenous peoples' concerns.

In responding to the challenges they continue to face, indigenous peoples have engaged the international

community, calling for a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and a permanent forum at the United

Nations that meets regularly to discuss indigenous peoples' issues and make recommendations to the UN system

and beyond.

The United Nations has committed its unwavering support to a future where all indigenous peoples will enjoy

peace, human rights and well-being, and has responded to indigenous peoples' demands, welcoming them as

partners. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples was adopted in September 2007,

and the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues meets annually at UN Headquarters, bringing together indigenous

peoples, Member States, NGOs, UN agencies and other intergovernmental or ganizations.

Much work remains to be done in advancing the implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights

of Indigenous Peoples. One condition for facilitating the implementation of the Declaration is information about

the state of the world's indigenous peoples. The Permanent Forum recognized this in its first session when it

recommended that the United Nations system produce a publication "on the state of the world's indigenous

peoples, containing data on indigenous peoples and discussing issues relating to indigenous peoples in the

thematic areas within the Forum's mandate." 1

Responding to this request, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs reached out to experts on indigenous

issues who have contributed the material for this publication. The chapters are based on the thematic areas

within the Permanent Forum's mandate, and highlight some major issues indigenous peoples face.

In a world confronted by multiple crises, indigenous peoples remain committed to their struggles, and their cultures

continue to be vibrant while their traditional knowledge is an invaluable source of ingenuity. This publication will

be a useful tool for strengthening partnerships and cooperation with ind igenous peoples. 1 Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Report on the first session (12 -24 May 2002) E/2002/43/Rev.1 Para 8.

STATE OF THE WORLD'S INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

vii

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

.............iii Foreword to the State of the World"s Indigenous Peoples ....................v ......................1 A brief history of indigenous issues at the international level

The concept of indigenous peoples

Looking forward

................................7

About this publication

......................7

Overview of main international responses

List of References

................11

CHAPTER I:

POVERTY AND WELL-BEING

Introduction

New threats of globalization

Agriculture and food security

.......19

Impoverishment of indigenous peoples

Living conditions of indigenous peoples in Australia, Canada New Zealand and the United States ............22

Poverty and land rights in Latin America

India: Poverty among the Scheduled Tribes

On the status of and trends in the practice of traditional occupations

Arctic region, including Russia and Northern Europe.............................................................................................32

Forest Peoples of Africa

................34 East and South East Asia: Rice culture in Ifugao, Philippines

Pacific: Traditional fishing in Vanuatu

The Millennium Development Goals and Indigenous Peoples ..........39 Indicators relevant to indigenous peoples" well-being and sustainable development

Concluding Remarks

List of references

.................45

CHAPTER II:

CULTURE

.........51

Land, language and identity

Land

Indigenous languages

....................57

Spirituality and belief systems

Social institutions

Culture and traditional knowledge

Threats and challenges

......68

Misappropriation of indigenous knowledge

The impact of globalization

..........70

Commodification of indigenous cultures

Tourism

STATE OF THE WORLD'S INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

viii Intellectual property rights and indigenous peoples ..........................74

Concluding Remarks

List of references

.................78

CHAPTER III:

ENVIRONMENT

Introduction

Major issues

.........................87

Land dispossession

........................87

Large-scale development projects

The forest issue

...............................89

Protected areas - a story of evictions and abuses

Indigenous traditional knowledge - erosion, loss and threats

Climate change and indigenous peoples

International treaties, laws and declarations related to environmental p rotection

International law and indigenous land rights

ILO Convention Nos. 107 and No. 169

The Earth Summit (1992)

................99

The Convention on Biological Diversity

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

The Forest Principles

...................101 The United Nations World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Indigenous peoples and the international mechanisms UNEP

The Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)

The Convention on Biological Diversity - COPs and Working Groups

WIPO and the IGC

.........................106

United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF)

UNCCD and UNFCCC

....................107

Implementation gaps and challenges

Indigenous land rights

.................108

Biological diversity and traditional knowledge

Protected areas

............................110

Forest issues

..................................112

Environmental impact assessment

Climate Change - adaptation and mitigation

Adaptation

Mitigation efforts

..........................116

The World Bank and the carbon market

REDD

Concluding Remarks

List of references

...............121

STATE OF THE WORLD'S INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

ix

CHAPTER IV:

CONTEMPORARY EDUCATION

Education as a fundamental right

The education gap

.............132

Formal school systems

.....138

Barriers to education for indigenous children

....................................141 Culture, community and indigenous education: searching for alternatives

Language renewal

........................144

Self-determination in education

.145

An indigenous curriculum

...........146

Non-formal education systems

..147

Challenges

Concluding Remarks

List of references

...............151

CHAPTER V: HEALTH

.........155 The indigenous concept of health and health systems ......................156 Health and the collective rights of indigenous peoples ....................158 The current health situation of indigenous peoples ..........................161 Health disparities from an epidemiological perspective

Lack of disaggregated data and of culturally relevant indicators.......................................................................165

Health outcomes influenced by structures inherited from colonialism

Environmental contamination and degradation

Mental and behavioural health issues

Violence against indigenous women

Barriers to accessing health services

Lack of recognition of, or support for, indigenous health systems

Intercultural health systems

Alternative approaches

...............177 Prerequisites for introducing intercultural health systems

Challenges

.....................................181

Concluding Remarks

List of references

...............183

CHAPTER VI: HUMAN RIGHTS

A human rights-based approach

Right to self-determination

..........192 The inter-related, interdependent and indivisible nature of human rights The universality of human rights, and understanding the cultural context

Human rights, democracy, and the rule of law

Relevant human rights instruments specically concerning indigenous p eoples The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples OAS Proposed American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

The ILO Conventions

....................200

STATE OF THE WORLD'S INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

x

International Covenants

.............201

Indigenous Peoples' human rights - on the ground

...........................203 Possible indicators of exercise and enjoyment of human rights .....209

Concluding Remarks

List of references

...............214

CHAPTER VII: EMERGING ISSUES

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