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400 Must-Have Words

f or the T OEFL

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400 Must-Have Words

f or the T OEFL

LYNNSTAFFORD-YILMAZ

LAWRENCEJ. ZWIER

MCGRAW-HILL

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This book is dedicated to my late father, Richard J. Zwier, an intelligent, unselfish man. And to my dear friend Sepideh Farsai, who developed a keen command of both the vocabulary and idioms of English.

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Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi Six Quick Hints for Success on the TOEFL¨ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii

Nature

LESSON1Food Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 LESSON2Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 LESSON3Evolution and Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 LESSON4Petroleum Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Science

LESSON5Time Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 LESSON6Ancient Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 LESSON7Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 LESSON8Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Mind and Body

LESSON9Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 LESSON10Spirituality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 LESSON11Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 LESSON12Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 LESSON13Ghosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 For m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n a b out t h i s t i t l e, cl i ck h e re

Society

LESSON14Anthropology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 LESSON15Social Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 LESSON16Expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
LESSON17Military Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 LESSON18War and Conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 LESSON19History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Money LESSON20Financial Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 LESSON21Wealth and Social Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 LESSON22Personal Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 LESSON23Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 LESSON24International Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

Government and Justice

LESSON25Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 LESSON26A Reasonable Doubt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 LESSON27The Police . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 LESSON28Investigating Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 LESSON29Government Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 LESSON30Crimes at Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146 LESSON31The War on Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

Relationships

LESSON32Family Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 LESSON33Friendship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 viiiContents LESSON34Passion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 LESSON35Negative Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

Culture

LESSON36Social Rebels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 LESSON37Painting and Sculpture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 LESSON38The Written Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 LESSON39Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 LESSON40Risky Fashions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195

400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

Contentsix

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Introduction

400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL¨ will help you improve your score on

the TOEFL test. In particular, this book will build your TOEFL vocabulary for the new Internet-based TOEFL of 2005. This book is designed for ease of use as a self-study guide. Its chapters were written for easy completion in one sittingÑabout 25 minutes.400 Must-Have Wordsis also highly effective in the TOEFL-prep classroom. Each chapter begins with a list of 10 target words. These words are defined and used in sample sentences. Usage tips are given for many words, as are any commonly used parts of speech related to the target word. Following these definitions, the words are practiced in three exercises. TOEFL Prep I and TOEFL Prep II give straightforward practice in a variety of easy exercise styles.The last exercise,TOEFL Success,includes a TOEFL- style reading followed by one or two authentic TOEFL-style questions.Most TOEFL Success readings incorporate all 10 target words, and most also include an additional bonus structure.Each chapter ends with an answer key so you can check your work. As an extra feature, this book includes a special front section called ÒSix Quick Hints for Success on the TOEFL¨.ÓThese hints give general test-taking advice for TOEFL success. This book was written by ELT professionals who help prepare students for the TOEFL test.Their selection of words for this book was based on extensive experience with the TOEFL test, information about the corpus (body of words) that is used in creating the actual TOEFL test, and TOEFL materials published by ETS, the creators of the TOEFL test.

400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL®is the best book on the market

to improve your vocabulary for the TOEFL test.Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

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Six Quick Hints for Success on the TOEFL

1. Try to understand a reading or lecture as a whole.Unlike earlier

versions of the TOEFL, the new version tests whether you can see how ideas interact in a longer reading.

2. Take notes.Especially in the listening section,you will need notes

to remember what you have heard.Note-taking will also help you concentrate.You can practice by taking notes of news stories,doc- umentaries, or lectures.

3. Study grammar in context, not by itself.Unlike earlier versions

of the TOEFL, the new version has no grammar section.Your knowledge of grammar is useful in helping you understand the readings and lectures, not in answering grammar-specific ques- tions.

4. Practice writing essays that express your opinion on a topic.

The writing section of the 2005 TOEFL includes questions ask- ing for your opinion on various daily topics. These are timed. Practice writing under a time limit, shaping your thoughts into a well-rounded essay.

5. Build up your academic vocabulary.Your ability to comprehend

reading passages rests largely on your academic vocabulary.Build your vocabulary by reading, making flash cards, and writing sen- tences using new words in context.A strong vocabulary will help you not only in your reading comprehension,but also in listening, writing, and speaking.

6. Commit your attention to the test.Some of the topics covered in

the test may not actually interest you. Still, your focused energy will improve your test score. Agree with yourself not to think about other topics during the test. Force yourself to keep your at- tention on the tested material. Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

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400 Must-Have Words

f or the T OEFL

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Nature

Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

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LESSON

Food Crops

Target Words

1.abandon6.intensify

2.adversely7.irrigation

3.aggregate8.obtain

4.cultivation9.photosynthesis

5.fertilize10.precipitation

Definitions and Samples

1. abandonv.To leave; to give up

To save their lives, the sailors had to abandonthe sinking ship.

Parts of speechabandonment n

2. adverselyadv.In a harmful way; negatively

Excessive rainfall early in the spring can adverselyaffect the plant- ing of crops.

Usage tipsAdverselyis often followed by affect.

Parts of speechadversity n,adverse adj

3. aggregateadj.Gathered into or amounting to a whole

It is impossible to judge last yearÕs performance without knowing the aggregatesales numbers. Usage tipsAggregateis often followed by a term like sum, total,or numbers.

Parts of speechaggregate v,aggregate n

1 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

4. cultivationn.Preparing the land to grow crops; improvement for

agricultural purposes With the development of land cultivation,hunters and gatherers were able to settle in one place.

Parts of speechcultivate v

5. fertilizev.To supply with nourishment for plants by adding helpful

substances to the soil This farm fertilizestomatoes more than any other crop.

Parts of speechfertilizer n,fertilization n

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