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SEPTEMBER 2018WHITE PAPER
Brandon Graver, Ph.D., and Daniel Rutherford, Ph.D. BEIJING | BERLIN | BRUSSELS | SAN FRANCISCO | WASHINGTON The authors thank Tim Johnson, Andrew Murphy, Anastasia Kharina, and Amy Smorodin for their review and support. We also acknowledge Airline Data Inc. for providing processed BTS data, and FlightGlobal for Ascend Fleet data.International Council on Clean Transportation
1225 I Street NW Suite 900
Washington, DC 20005 USA
communications@theicct.org www.theicct.org @TheICCT © 2018 International Council on Clean TransportationTABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
....................................iii 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 2. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 3. RESULTS ........................................................................ 4. CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS ........................................................................ ..........20 5. REFERENCES ........................................................................APPENDIX A: MODEL VALIDATION
..............26 APPENDIX B: ADJUSTED 2014 TRANSATLANTIC FUEL EFFICIENCY ............................27WHITE PAPER
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure ES-1.
Figure ES-2.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure A-1.
Figure B-1.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
27British Airways
30Lufthansa
31United
33AeroRot
33Alitalia
33Aer Lingus
33Austrian
33American
34Scandinavian
34Delta
34Iberia
34Icelandair
35Virgin Atlantic
35Thomas Cook
35Air France
35Turkish
36KLM37SWISS
39WOW air
44Norwegian
Excess
Fuel/pax-km
+ 13% - + 19% + 22% + 26% + 26% + 26% + 26% + 29% + 29% + 29% + 29% + 33% + 33% + 33% + 33% + 33% + 42% + 47% + 63%INDUSTRY AVERAGE
Average Fuel Economy [pax-km/L]
Figure ES-1.
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30%39%20%
33%35%11%15%
17% 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%20142017
Freight Shar
ePassenger Load Factor
Seating Densit
yAircraft Fuel Burn
Figure ES-2.
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1.INTRODUCTION
2.METHODOLOGY
2.1AIRLINE SELECTION
Table 1.
AirlineFlights
performedAverage ight length (km)Share ofASKsShare of
ATKsMost prevalent
aircraftAer Lingus
Aeroot
Air France
Alitalia
American
Austrian
British Airways
DeltaIberia
Icelandair
KLMLufthansa
Norwegian
Scandinavian
continuedWHITE PAPER
AirlineFlights
performedAverage ight length (km)Share ofASKsShare of
ATKsMost prevalent
aircraft SWISSThomas Cook
Turkish
United
Virgin Atlantic
WOW air
Total280,4977,028100%100%Airbus A330-300
Note: ASK = Available seat kilometers. ATK = Available tonne kilometers. Source: Airline Data Inc. (2018)
Table 2.
AircraftMTOM
(tonnes)Typical seating capacityCargo capacity (m 3 )Number of engines, max. thrustRange (km)Airbus A318
Boeing 737-700
Boeing 737-800
Boeing 737 MAX-8
Airbus A321
Boeing 767-300ER
Boeing 767-400ER
Boeing 787-8
Airbus A330-200
Airbus A330-300
Boeing 787-9
Boeing 757-200
Boeing 757-300
Airbus A340-300
Airbus A350-900
Boeing 777-200ER
Boeing 777-300ER
Airbus A340-600
Boeing 747-400
Boeing 747-8I
Airbus A380-800
Note: MTOM = maximum takeo mass. Sources: Airbus (2017); Airbus (2018); Boeing (1999); Boeing (2008);
Boeing (2010); Boeing (2011); Boeing (n.d.)
2.2FUEL BURN MODELING
Table 3.
TypeVariableSources
Airline scheduled ights
Airline-specic aircraft
parametersAircraft weights
Aircraft fuel burn
Other operational variables
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payload kg seats departures load factor pax 100kgpax freight kg departures
Operations Specication B043
2.3FUEL EFFICIENCY CALCULATION
a i fuel L a fl fuel L a,i departures a,i pax km/L a fl i payload kg a,i distance[km] a,i fuel L a100kg/pax
3.RESULTS
3.1AIRLINE COMPARISONS
27British Airways
30Lufthansa
31United
33Aeroflot
33Alitalia
33Aer Lingus
33Austrian
33American
34Scandinavian
34Delta
34Iberia
34Icelandair
35Virgin Atlantic
35Thomas Cook
35Air France
35Turkish
36KLM37SWISS
39WOW air
44Norwegian
Excess
Fuel/pax-km
+ 13% + 19% + 22% + 26% + 26% + 26% + 26% + 29% + 29% + 29% + 29% + 33% + 33% + 33% + 33% + 33% + 42% + 47% + 63%INDUSTRY AVERAGE
Average Fuel Economy [pax-km/L]
Figure 1.
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3.2AIRCRAFT-SPECIFIC ANALYSIS
0510152025303540
450100200300400500600
Average Fuel Eciency [pax-km/L]
Maximum Takeo Mass [tonnes]
A318 (32 seats)A380-800
B747-8
IB747-400A340-600
B737-800B737 MAX-8
A321B767-300ER
B767-400ER
B787-8B787-9A350-900
B777-300ER
B777-200E
RA340-30
0B757-200B757-300
A330-300
A330-200
INDUSTRY AVERAG
EB737-700
(86 seats)Twin engin
eQuad engineFigure 2.
3.3DRIVERS OF TRANSATLANTIC AIRLINE EFFICIENCY
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Table 4.
RankAirlinePassenger
load factorFreight share of total tonne-kmPremium seating shareOverall seating density (seats/m 2 aAircraft
fuel burn b1Norwegian
2WOW air
3SWISS
4KLMT5Turkish
T5Air France
T5Thomas Cook
T5Virgin Atlantic
T9Icelandair
T9Iberia
T9Delta
T9Scandinavian
T13American
T13Austrian
T13Aer Lingus
T13Alitalia
T13Aeroot
18United
19Lufthansa
20British Airways
Industry Average81%21%14%1.01+5%
a As measured by seats per square meter or RGF. See footnote 1 for details. bAs measured by the average margin
of aircraft to ICAO's CO 2 standard. See footnote 2 for details.30%39%20%
33%35%11%15%
17% 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%20142017
Freight Shar
ePassenger Load Factor
Seating Densit
yAircraft Fuel Burn
Figure 3.
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0%3%6%9%12%
15%0%3%6%9%12%15%
Capacity, 2017
Capacity, 2014
0.50%0.25%0%
B747-40
0B767-300ERA330-300
B777-200ER
A330-20
0A380-800
B777-300E
RB757-200
B767-400ER
A340-300
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