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Regassa E. Namara and Hilmy Sally, editors

PROCEEDINGS

Irrigation in West Africa: Current Status

and a View to the Future

Regassa E. Namara and Hilmy Sally, editors

Irrigation in West Africa: Current Status and a View to the FutureProceedings of the Workshop held in Ouagadougou,

Burkina Faso, December 1-2, 2010

IWMI is a

member of the CGIAR

Consortium

and leads the:

RESEARCH

PROGRAM ON

Water, Land and

Ecosystems

Irrigation in West Africa: Current Status

and a View to the Future

Proceedings of the Workshop held in Ouagadougou,

Burkina Faso, December 1-2, 2010

Edited by

Regassa E. Namara and Hilmy Sally

International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

P.O. Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka

ii The editors: Regassa E. Namara is currently Senior Water Resources Economist at the World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, and formerly Principal Researcher - Economist and He ad of the West Africa ofce of the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Accra, Ghana; Hilmy Sally is an independent Irrigation and Water Management Professional, and formerly Project Leader at the Burkina

Faso ofce

of IWMI in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Both Regassa and Hilmy were staff members at IWMI when this workshop was held.

Namara, R. E.; Sally, H. (Eds.). 2014.

Proceedings of the Workshop on Irrigation in West Africa: Current Status and a View to the Future, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, December 1-2, 2010.

Colombo, Sri Lanka:

International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 373p. doi:10.5337/2014.218

/ irrigation systems / irrigation schemes / irrigated farming / irrigated land / nancing / investment /

food security / economic growth / land resources / land tenure / land acquisitions / agricultural se ctor /

groundwater / water management / water resources development / water use / water policy / smallholders /

farmers / climate change / poverty / urbanization / sustainability / livestock / river basins / rainfed farming

/ crops / natural resources management / West Africa / Ghana / Gambia / Liberia / Mali / Niger / Benin

/ Burkina Faso / Cape Verde / Cote d'Ivoire / Guinea / Nigeria / Senegal / Sierra Leone / Africa South

of Sahara / Togo / central Asia /

ISBN 978-92-9090-797-8

Copyright © 2014, by IWMI. All rights reserved. IWMI encourages the use of its material provided that

the organization is acknowledged and kept informed in all such instances.

Front cover photograph

shows onion block farming in Bawku West District, Ghana, West Africa photo : Felix Antonio).

Please direct inquires and comments to:

IWMI-Publications@cgiar.org

iii

Contents

Acknowledgements ........................................................................

Preface

Main Messages

Mark Giordano, Regassa Namara and Hilmy Sally ..................................................................ix

Paper 1.

Water and Food Trends in West Africa: Drivers and Change Charlotte de Fraiture ........................................................................

Paper 2.

Irrigation Investment Trends and Economic Performances in the Sahelian Countries of West Africa Bruno Barbier, Jean-Yves Jamin, Hervé Ouedraogo, Abdoulaye Diarra and Boubacar Barry ........................................................................

Paper 3.

Quelles solutions pour le développement de l'irrigation en Afrique de l'ouest ? Quelques messages issus des leçons apprises [What solutions for irrigation development in West Africa? Some messages derived from lessons learned] Amadou Allahoury Diallo ........................................................................ .................................37

Paper 4.

Mali dans le cadre de l'UEMOA: Casier de Touraba, Zone du Kouroumari [Regional UEMOA

Kouroumari Zone]

Hervé Marcel Ouedraogo ........................................................................ .................................47

Paper 5.

Situation de l'irrigation au Benin [The status of irrigation in Benin] Félix Gbaguidi ........................................................................

Paper 6.

Développement de l'irrigation au Burkina Faso : Etat des lieux et caractéristiques des aménagements hydro-agricoles [Irrigation development in Burkina Faso: Status and characteristics of irrigation schemes]

Youssouf Dembélé and Adolphe Zangré ........................................................................

...........89

Paper 7.

La situation de l'irrigation au Cap-Vert [The situation of irrigation in Cape Verde] Oumar Barry ........................................................................

Paper 8.

Rapport sur la situation de l'irrigation en Côte d'Ivoire [Report on the situation of irrigation in Côte d'Ivoire] Djanhan Patrice Kouassi ........................................................................ ................................123

Paper 9.

Etat actuel des aménagements hydro-agricoles en Afrique de l'ouest : Cas de la République de Guinée [Current state of irrigation schemes in West Africa:

The case of the Republic of Guinea]

iv

Contents

Paper 10.

Current Status of Irrigation Development in Ghana

Damien Amoatin ........................................................................

Paper 11.

Irrigation and Agricultural Water Management Systems in Gambia Kebba S. Manka ........................................................................

Paper 12.

Current State of Irrigation Development in Liberia

Patrick Farnga and Saa Moussa Kamano ........................................................................

.....193

Paper 13.

Le développement de l'irrigation au Mali [Irrigation development in Mali] Abdoulaye Dembélé ........................................................................

Paper 14.

Bachir Ousseini et Moussa Amadou ........................................................................

...............217

Paper 15.

Babagana Umara ........................................................................

Paper 16.

Etat des lieux de l'irrigation et la gestion de l'eau agricole au Sénégal [Status of irrigation

and agricultural water management in Senegal] Magatte Wade ........................................................................

Paper 17.

Irrigation and Water Resources Development in Sierra Leone

Abdul Rahman Kamara and Adama Fatu Kamara ................................................................287

Paper 18.

Analyse de l'état actuel de développement de l'irrigation au Togo [Analysis of the current state of irrigation development in Togo]

Paper 19.

Irrigation Development Experiences of Central Asian Countries and

Lessons for West Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa

Mohan Reddy Junna ........................................................................

Paper 20.

Accelerating Smallholder Irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from South Asia's Groundwater Revolution Tushaar Shah ........................................................................

Paper 21.

Irrigation Development in West Africa: A Look into the Past and the Future

Regassa E. Namara and Hilmy Sally ........................................................................

.............339

Workshop Program

List of Participants

v

Acknowledgements

The editors would like to acknowledge the following: The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) for funding the workshop, and the Irrigated Systems Strategic Research Portfolio (SRP) of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) for supporting subsequent related activities.

Mr. Issa Martin Bikienga, former Deputy Executive Secretary, Comité permanent Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel (CILSS), for gracing the opening ceremony of the workshop.

CILSS for co-organizing the workshop and helping with the related logistical issues.

Authors of the country papers and presenters for providing updates on the status of irrigation in their respective countries.

Resource persons from the regional and international organizations for sharing their respective institutional experiences on irrigation systems in the region.

All participants for their contribution to the discussions and debates. The rapporteurs for meticulously compiling the outcomes of reach discussions during the workshop. Special thanks go to Deborah Bossio (formerly Theme Leader - Productive Water Use, IWMI) and Mark Giordano (formerly Theme Leader - Water and Society, IWMI) for initiating the whole process. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to IWMI's editorial and production staff for their help, advice and patience in compiling these Proceedings. vii

Preface

crop production has come from expansion of (mostly rainfed) cropped area rather than from productivity gains. On the other hand, West Africa possesses substantial untapped land and water resources. The area equipped for irrigation in the individual countries rarely exceeds 20% of the potential. Hence, there is, in principle, considerable scope for expansion of irrigation in West Africa. However, irrigation, while being recognized as a valuable agricultural practice, enjoys a mixed record. Its performance has been sub-optimal with generally disappointing returns to investments, particularly in the case of large public irrigation schemes. Decisions about future investment in the irrigation sector should be based on, and informed by, lessons derived from analysis of past experiences. This was one of the main considerations that led to the convening of thi s workshop in December 2010 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Its main purpose was to take stock of the state of irrigation in West Africa with a view to charting a course for its future development. The workshop featured contributions from representatives of 14 of the 15 countries that constitute the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Each of these papers reported on the present state of the irrigated agriculture sector in the ir respective countries, including aspects such as extent and potential, management and performance, policies and institutions, and opportunities and constraints related to future development. These core contributions were supplemented by examples of broader region al and international experiences presented by representatives from the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the World Bank (WB), the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the West

African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA).

West Africa is endowed with relatively abundant land and water resources. Per capita water availability is highest in the coastal countries of the Gulf of Guinea (Guinea, Guin ea-Bissau, Liberia and Sierra Leone). The level of withdrawal of renewable water resources for human use in West Africa is still relatively modest. The availability of arable land is also generally not a constraint. However, the lack of adequate infrastructure is a major obstacle to harnessing these resources. In recent times, a trend of leasing out substantial tracts of land to foreign investors to as 'land grabs' in some quarters) is something that merits careful analysis. While the costs of irrigation development depend on the degree of water control, the topography of the site and the type of irrigation system, they are gener ally higher in this region than in other parts of the world even reaching levels of USD 20,000/hectare (ha). Irrigation investments have hitherto been largely spearheaded by national governments with support from viii is amply illustrated by the fact that more than 50% of the irrigated are a in Benin has been developed without government intervention. Furthermore, these (mostly s mall) private irrigation schemes are reputed to perform better than the large public irrigation schemes. Most of the irrigation in West Africa is based on the exploitation of surface water (river diversions, reservoirs), either gravity-fed or pump-based. Groundwater use is limited, although several countries possess substantial reserves. The cost of lifting water appears to be the main constraint. Another feature is the relatively high proportion of land under partial water control, including lowlands ( bas-fonds, fadamas) and mangroves. In some countries (e.g., Guinea, Mali), the extent of such land even exceeds the area equipped for total water control. crops, from rice to a variety of horticulture, is grown in the dry season; the choice of crop and the area cultivated are largely dictated by the availability of water. A variety of management models are encountered in the irrigation systems within a given country, varying from full state control to farmer-managed, with various forms of joint management in-between. One recurrent problem highlighted in all the coun tries was the inadequate attention paid to the maintenance of infrastructure. The unfortunate consequence is the relatively rapid degradation of the systems, often built at a very high investment cost. Most of the countries in the region have adopted national water policies , generally framed in the context of integrated water resources management (IWRM). Irrigation development water-rich, require special assistance to develop their water- and irrigation-related policies and institutions. The papers presented at the workshop improved our understanding of the s tatus of irrigation in West Africa. They underlined the importance attached to irrigation development and made us aware of the associated challenges and opportunities, both regional and country- institutions. The workshop enabled participants to forge a consensus on the need to identify and overcome the factors that are hampering efforts to improve access to and control of the relatively abundant land and water resources that are available in the region. This proceeding contains edited versions of the papers presented at the workshop in their original language, either in English or in French, with abstracts in English. A summary of key messages as well as some considerations to help trace the future of irri gation development in the region are also presented. ix

Main Messages

Mark Giordano, Regassa Namara and Hilmy Sally

West Africa needs to grow more food. On that, there is no question. There is also no question about the enormous potential there is to grow much of that food through changes in agricultural water management technologies and practices. Investment in irrigation, in particular, will be vital if West Africa is to reduce rural poverty and meet the growing food demand. While the current level of irrigation development is limited, what has occurred has a mixed history of success. Before embarking on new programs, it is critical to understand what has gone wrong, what can be remedied for the future and what new models might be availab le to unlock West

Africa's additional irrigation potential.

In order to do this, there is a need to synthesize existing information on the state of irrigation in West Africa, and make clear recommendations on how investment can best be targeted both at national and regional levels. It is with this end result i n mind that the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), with support from the Comité permanent Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel (CILSS), brought together representatives from international, regional and national organizations to discuss the current state of irrigation development in West Africa and directions that had to be taken for the future. In total, 38 experts representing 14 national governments as well as senior experts from Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) attended the workshop. Detailed information from each presenter forms the remainder of this document. While a complete summary is impossible, this paper highlights some of the major points of consensus from the conference on the state of irrigation in West Africa and how we should start thinking about future investments now. Major issues in new investments - lack of information and high costs A major, if not new, issue which was frequently highlighted was that information on West African irrigation is extremely limited. Even basic facts, such as area irrigated for each country, suggests that in many countries in the region, the area of informal irri gation often exceeds that of formal systems, sometimes substantially. Because informal irrigation does not appear the lessons it may offer for formal system management. There appears to be even less information on investment in irrigation and its economics, modalities of system operation and maintenance, and water pricing and cost recovery policies. What does seem to be clear is that investment costs in Africa are high by almost any global standard. Unfortunately, the difficulty in obtaining information makes it problematic to xdetermine exactly why costs are so high and what changes can be made to bring costs down. There are some known reasons for these high costs and many long-cited factors have not gone away, including land tenure, corruption, donor dependence, lack of markets and lack of human capacity. In addition, it was clear that thinking on the problems and opportunities for irrigation have moved beyond the irrigation sector, and many participants highlighted the need to focus on the overall macroeconomic environment, agricultural policy, trade policy and energy policy

A new investment environment

In addition, it was clear that the prioritization of irrigation in the t hinking of national governments and international donors has changed. Since the previous maj or meeting on irrigation in West Africa some 3 years ago, national governments in the region have worked Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP), to set new national priorities for agricultural investment, in general, and agricultural water management, in particular. Countries that were not ready to invest in irrigation, such as Togo and Liberia, are now prepared. Targets for investments have been set and budgets are being prioritized. Agricultural Water for Africa (AgWa) is functioning to create dialogue between those interested in the topic. Its major roles are advocacy; highlighting messages such as water for food, water for wealth and water for life; mobilizing resources, including money, people and political will; sharing knowledge to improve the availability of information and knowledge at regional and national levels among agricultural water management professionals; and harmonizing partner programs to avoid duplication of efforts, and enhance development impact and sustainability of investments. Likewise, international donors and investors have re-engaged with irrigation, building organizations are ready to provide the knowledge and help required. We are now in a place where we know that past systems did not work well and that more investment is needed. The question then is how to avoid the problems of the past and still move forward in this now more amenable investment environment. The consensus in answering this question was less clear. However, some general themes emerged.

Steps to move forward

First, there is a need to better understand why irrigation development costs are so high and where policy change may help to reduce them. Is there overdesign by western consultants, infrastructure? Contra-wise, there is a lack of documentation of successful irrigation systems across West Africa and the factors behind their success. In essence, there is a need to gain a often abundant water resources of the regions. Second, there is an increasing understanding that the private sector is critical if irrigation sector. We must, therefore, focus on farmers and their needs and opportunities in a changing economic landscape, rather than on irrigation as an end in itself. Effective operation of irrigation systems may also require the support of the private sector. Using different models of contracted xiservices to manage public irrigation systems may be one way forward. Fur ther, there is a need to look at links of the entire irrigated agriculture value chain, most of which are private, including production, transport and markets, as it is the entire chain which determines costs, Third, there is a questioning of the appropriate scale of irrigation systems. Large-scale irrigation systems in West Africa have been, at least anecdotally, associated with failure. Current discourse, and the focus of at least some major donors, seems to have shifted towards small-scale irrigation systems. However, we still need to understand why large-scale irrigation systems did not work as planned, why the previous round of 'small is beautiful' investment in Africa from the 1980s did not pan out and how the current informal irrigation sector has been able to achieve what it has despite major constraints.

Fourth, the substantial potential of

groundwater was highlighted for many areas. Groundwater has not received substantial attention beyond domestic suppl y in the past. However, many participants now highlight that it may be possible to use groundwater economically for agriculture as well. This is a largely unexplored area in West Africa. Fifth, almost all waters in West Africa are transboundary (shared by two or more countries). Transboundary water management has not been a major issue in West Africa for irrigation development, in part because the levels of water use have been so small. However, if large-scale development programs are to go forward, more coordinated use of these waters Finally, while the measure of irrigation by professionals is often focused on yield improvement and internal rates of return, donors and governments want to see what irrigation is doing for overall economic growth, poverty reduction and food security. If the irrigation agenda is going to move forward, the value of irrigation in these areas needs to be highlighted and measured. In Malawi and Tanzania, some 90% of related, infant deaths occur from January through to March because of hunger, malnutrition and malaria. Here too the issue is not about yields per se but rather about an extension of food availability.

A new institution

In order to capitalize on what was discussed and learned and move both t hinking and investment forward, the suggestion was made to form a West African Irrigation Development Steering Committee which included representatives of national governments, donors and research organizations. 1

Water and Food Trends in West Africa:

Drivers and Change

Charlotte de Fraiture

UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands (formerly International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso)

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of the trends and developments relevant to irrigation in West

Africa

1 . Irrigation development is widely seen as an important avenue to reduce poverty and food insecurity, and to also lessen rice imports. Compared to other regions, irrigation development is low and land and water is available. Trends on demographics, changing diets, poverty and food insecurity, and water use show the rationale and need for re-engagement in agricultural water management.

Demographics.

More than half of the West African population derives an income from agriculture, but demographics are changing: the population is expanding, becoming increasingly urban and getting younger. The population tripled since 1961 and will likely more than double again by 2050. By then, two-thirds of the population will live in cities. More than half of the population is below 20 years of age.

Changing diets.

With economic growth and urbanization, dietary habits have changed. Demand for wheat, rice, vegetables and meat increase while less coarse grains are consumed. Between 1961 and 2008, total rice and wheat consumption increased by a factor of 8 and 15, respectively. Vegetable consumption tripled. West Africa imports 47% of its rice and 97% of its wheat consumption, amounting to an annual import bill of around USD 2.5 to 3 billion. Even if the demand curves flatten out, rice, wheat and vegetable consumption may triple, quintuple and triple, respectively, by 2050.

Poverty and food insecurity.

Despite economic growth, poverty and food insecurity remains high. More than 50% of the people in West Africa fall under the poverty line of USD

1.25 per day. Approximately, 10% are undernourished and many suffer from micronutrient

deficits because of poor diets. 1 Countries include Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana,

Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali,

Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. Where possible, numbers are given for West Africa as

2

Charlotte de Fraiture

Water availability and use.

Although per capita water availability in West Africa is modest, there is still ample scope for further development of water resources. On average, 2% of total renewable water resources is withdrawn for human purposes (as compared to 25% in

South Asia).

Land grab = water grab.

The ample availability of land and water resources attracted several international and multi-national companies to lease huge tracks of land for extended periods of time. Because of popular outrage the - often secret - l and deals between governments and companies came under pressure. In West Africa, land deals covering 870,000 hectares (ha) have been confirmed.

Irrigation development:

According to official statistics, less than 1% of the total cultivated area is under irrigation and less than 12% of the irrigation potential is developed. Irrigation development is high on the agenda of several regional initiatives (New

Partnership for Africa's

Development (NEPAD)/Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP)) and major donors, and will likely play an important role in rural development in West Africa. Broadly, there are two - often complementary - modes of development: large- and medium- scale donor/government-funded schemes and farmer-driven small-scale private irrigation. Given the high costs and under-performance of the public sector irrigation schemes, the small-scale private irrigation approaches are gaining ground. In some countries, the y are already more prevalent than the public sector irrigation schemes. Small-scale private irrigation is spreading spontaneously, is relatively low-cost and has positive impacts on the incomes of smallholders. However, its unchecked and dispersed proliferation comes with environmental challenges.

Poverty and Food Insecurity Trends

Poverty and food insecurity in West Africa is a persistent and predominantly rural phenomenon. While Asia is home to the most undernourished people in absolute terms (578 million), sub- Saharan Africa (SSA) remains as the region with the highest proportion of undernourished people. With 28 million undernourished persons in West Africa, this proportion is lower (11%) than in the remainder of SSA (FAO, WFP and IFAD 2012). In East Africa and Southern Africa, prevalence of undernourishment is 33% and 19%, respectively (Annex 1). With economic growth, undernourishment is declining in all West African countries, except in Gambia and Liberia. By and large, West Africa is on track to reach the United Nations Millennium Development Goal 1, MDG1, which aims at halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger by 2015. Ghana, Mali and Nigeria have already achieved the MDG1 target. Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea and Senegal lowered the number of hungry people, but progress is slower than required to reach the MDG1 (FAO, WFP and IFAD 2012). Undernourishment is caused by low calorie intake and lack of nutritious food. Calorie intake in West Africa is 2,649 kilocalories (kcal) per person per day, which is slightly below the world average of 2,796 kcal per person per day (FAO 2011b). Poor people's diets tend to be high in starch (roots and tubers, such as cassava, and cereals, such as maize and rice) and low in dairy, meat and vegetables. A recent study estimates that the problem of poor diets that leads to micronutrient deficits is more severe than the very low calorie intake (The Economist

2011a, 2011b). Iron, zinc and iodine are the main micronutrients lacking in poor people's diets.

This causes blindness, brain and motor function impairment, and birth defects, among others. 3 Water and Food Trends in West Africa: Drivers and Change More people in developing countries are affected by diseases related to poor diets than lack of food. Yet, the development and food insecurity discourse is still highly focused on staple crops and the need to improve production quantities 2 . Slowly, awareness of the importance of diversification of crops and nutritious diets for poor people is gaining ground beyond circles of nutritionists. Some positive results have been achieved in crop breed ing by enriching cereals with micronutrients (The Economist 2011b 3 ). However, most importantly, policymakers and agricultural researchers need to broaden their view to include vegetables, dairy, meat and fish in agricultural policies for food security. In all West African countries, poverty rates remain high. Based on World Bank data shown in Table 1, the head-count of people living on less than USD 1.25 per day is 53% (asquotesdbs_dbs20.pdfusesText_26

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