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Triggering

Terror

Co-

funded by the Internal Security Fund of the European UnionIllicit Gun Markets and Firearms Acquisition

of Terrorist Networks in EuropeEilsui qe

Nltd D?h?us

Flemish Peace Institute

Leuvenseweg 86

1000 Brussels

tel. + 32 2 552 45 91 vredesinstituut@vlaamsparlement.be www.cemishpeaceinstitute.eu The Flemish Peace Institute was founded by decree of the Flemish Parliament as an independent institute for research on peace issues. The peace Institute conducts scientigc research, documents relevant information sources, and informs and advises the Flemish Parliament and the public at large on questions of peace.

Illicit Gun Markets and Firearms

Acquisition of Terrorist Networks

in Europe

Illicit Gun Markets and Firearms

Acquisition of Terrorist Networks

in Europe Co- funded by the Internal Security Fund of the European Union Triggering Terror: Illicit Gun Markets and Firearms Acquisition of Terrorist Networks in Europe

ISBN 9789078864905

© Flemish Peace Institute, Brussels, 17 April 2018

Project

SAFTE Project SAFTE is an international research project funded by the European Commission. SAFTE stands for 'Studying the Acquisition of illicit Firearms by Terrorists in Europe'. The research was conducted by an international network of ?rearms experts.

Project coordination:

Flemish Peace Institute

Project partners:

SIPRI and Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant'Anna.

Country study teams:

Flemish Peace Institute

SIPRI

Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant'Anna.

Arquebus Solutions

Bureau Bruinsma

Small Arms Survey

Project SAFTE has received funding from DG Migration and Home A?airs of the European Commission under the call for proposals to support 'Transnational initiatives to ?ght tra?cking in drugs and ?rearms' (HOME/2015/ISFP/AG/TDFX) of the Internal Security Fund (2014-2020). This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication re?ects the views only of the author, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

Editor

Nils Duquet

Language review

Alex Potter

Layout

Karakters, Ghent

Print

Artoos, Kampenhout

Disclaimers

While the Flemish Peace Institute has exercised the utmost care in the redaction of this report, it cannot

be deemed or held liable for possible mistakes or oversights with regard to completeness. At the same time,

the Institute shall not assume any form of liability for the use that a reader may make of this document.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

21
81
123
169
237
285
327

From the IRA to ISIS: Exploring terrorist access

to the UK's illicit firearms mfarket 369
435
461

Roxana Albisteanu

is Director of the Center for Criminal Justice and Security Studies and Public policy expert. She has extensive experience as researcher and project manager in the area of Governance and European policies, having led for over 5 years numerous projects at national and international level. She has worked both in independent think-tanks and the Government, having served as a public policy advisor within the Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Romania; she has co- founded the Center for Criminal Justice and Security Studies and is Director of this organisation since 2014.

Monique Bruinsma

is an independent researcher who has conducted several national studies on illicit ?rearms possession and trade in the Netherlands. She has her own research company Bureau Bruinsma that is focused on policy oriented social science research in the ?elds of security and criminality. On the topic of illicit ?rearms tra?cking she frequently collaborates with Toine Spapens and with researchers from the Dutch National police. Together with Ecorys she recently pub lished a study on the crime-terror nexus with regard to ?rearms acquisition in the Netherlands for the Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice.

Francesco Buscemi

is a PhD candidate in Political Science and International Relations at the Pisa-based Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies. He has worked for the Italian Army, the European Union-funded UNDP-operated SEESAC SALW control program in Belgrade, Serbia, and the Flemish Peace Institute. His areas of interest include peace and con?ict studies, civil war, arms control, small arms and con?ict, non-state armed actors and the character of armed violence.

Alexandru Dena

is an a?liated expert of the Center for Criminal Justice and Security Studies. He is an experienced ?rearms specialist, having worked for over 9 years in the Romanian National Police. He is an authorized national ?rearms foren sic expert since 2011 and has been a member of the Steering Committee of the ENFSI

Firearms Working Group from 2015 until 2017.

André Desmarais

is a consultant with the Small Arms Survey since august 2016. Previously he worked for 32 years with the French police, as a crime scene examiner and a ballistics expert, from 1983 to 2015. During the years 2003-2007 he was the French technical adviser to the Kabul Police crime laboratory, working with German

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

counterparts. He carried out cooperation missions in several countries such as Algeria and Niger. His last assignment, from 2007-2015, was chief of the ballistics department in Marseille. Now retired, he is also a research fellow with the National scienti?c research center (CNRS) in Marseille. He graduated from the Cannes-

Ecluse Police academy in 1983.

is a consultant with 23 years of work experience at various places in the Croatian Ministry of the Interior (Head of the Border Police, Assistant Minister, General Director) and 6 years of work experience in consultancy services in the countries of South East Europe for various international agencies (UNDP, IOM, GIZ, DCAF, IMG). His areas of expertise are European law, European Union enlargement, border security and migration, SALW, international police cooperation. He has authored several scienti?c and expert articles related to security issues. is senior researcher at the Flemish Peace Institute, an independent research institute a?liated to the Flemish Parliament (Belgium). He has been working at the Flemish Peace Institute for 12 years and has authored more than

40 policy-oriented and academic publications on illicit ?rearms tra?cking and gun

violence in Europe, domestic gun policies and European arms export controls. He is the scienti?c coordinator of Project SAFTE. is the research coordinator and a senior researcher at the Small Arms Survey - a Center of excellence at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies - since April 2010. He coordinates projects on armed actors and illicit ?ows of arms and ammunition in a variety of settings. Prior to joining the Small Arms Survey, he worked from 2006 to 2010 for Geneva Call, an organisation specialis ing in humanitarian negotiations with non-state armed groups, and also worked for the United Nations Group of Experts on Liberia in 2007. He was previously a researcher at the Small Arms Survey from 2002 to 2006. He holds a Masters of Public Administration from the Monterey Institute of International Studies in California. is an independent researcher and consultant. She has worked for the Institute for Security Studies, UNESCO and for International Alert. She has conducted extensive research in Italy, Senegal, Guinea and Guinea Bissau. Her research is focused on peace and con?ict studies, human rights, education and the countering and prevention of violent extremism. is researcher at the Flemish Peace Institute, an independent research institute of the Flemish Parliament (Belgium). He holds a Ph.D. in Criminology from the Free University of Brussels. He has worked as policy advisor at the Belgian Public Prosecutor's O?ce and assisted a member of Belgian Federal Parliament in

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

the Parliamentary Inquiry Committee investigating the Brussels terrorist attacks of

22 March 2016. At the Flemish Peace Institute, he conducts policy-oriented research

on the illicit gun market in Belgium. is a Researcher at the Swedish Prison and Probation Service and an Associate Researcher at the Department of Economic History and International Relations at Stockholm University. She was working as a researcher at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) 2011-2018, where two of her areas of expertise were small arms violence and the international governance of weapons. is currently working as a consultant for the Small Arms Survey based in Geneva and previously served as the Director of the Arms Transfer Programme for the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Paul has 13 years of experience working with States, UN agencies, the EU, the OSCE and NGO's to conduct research into, and build capacity to address the illicit trade and uncon trolled proliferation of SALW and conventional arms. He is an Honorary Research Fellow at the Centre for Russian and East European Studies at the University of Birmingham (UK) and a Non-Resident Fellow at Stimson (Washington, USA). is a co-founder and Director of Arquebus Solutions Ltd. He served

30čyears as a Police O?cer in the UK specialising in the investigation of ?rearms

related crime. For the last 6 years of his police service he was the Head of the UK National Ballistics Intelligence Service (NABIS). Over the past 5 years he has worked in support of a variety EU and UN projects to develop international cooperation to tackle the criminal use and tra?cking of illegal ?rearms. is an experienced law enforcement professional. As the former Head of Knowledge for the United Kingdom's National Ballistics Intelligence Service (NABIS) he has developed a unique set of skills in establishing the world's leading gun crime intelligence provision. His work has seen him operate within the covert, intelligence and operational policing environments. is Police O?cer of the Republic of Croatia Ministry of the Interior with 11 years of work experience in police a?airs. He is a criminologist by education and an expert in the ?eld of combating terrorism. He has represented the Republic of Croatia in numerous international organisations and bodies and EU agencies with regard to the prevention and suppression of terrorism. is Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Political Science of the University of Zagreb and head of the military studies Military Leadership and Management. He has 16 years of experience working on various jobs within the security sector of the Republic of Croatia. His areas of expertise are security studies, international operations, crisis management and critical infrastructure protection. He is intensively involved in researching and publishing works in the ?eld of secu rity. He has authored two books and over twenty scienti?c and professional articles. is a Graduate from Coventry University and is employed by Arquebus Solutions a dedicated Ballistic Forensic Technician and researcher. He is a specialist trainer in the double casting of evidence and test ?red components. Connor has been involved in various research projects related to Small Arms & Light Weapons and provided project support to the two principal authors of the chapter on the United Kingdom. is Professor of criminology at Tilburg University. He specialises in empirical research on serious and organised crime, with the trade in illegal ?rearms as one of his topics of research. His other research topics are the production of (synthetic) drugs, environmental crime, illegal gambling and the tra?cking in human beings. is Associate Professor of International Relations at the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies (Pisa, Italy) and Adjunct Research Professor at the Norwegian Institute of International A?airs (Oslo, Norway), where he joined the Consortium for Research on Terrorism and International Crime in 2013. He spe cialises in con?ict and security studies, focusing on European security, state-build ing, extra-legal governance, transnational organised crime, (counter)narcotics, arms and armed groups. He is involved in collaborations with Small Arms Survey, National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, Norwegian Peace building Resource Centre (NOREF), and International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Transnational Institute (TNI). He is also an active member of the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. is an independent researcher focusing on non-state actors, armed vio- lence and illicit tra?cking. At the time of writing, he is assisting research at the Flemish Peace Institute on illicit ?rearms tra?cking, as well as on mass shootings. He has previously written for Foreign Policy Magazine, The Moscow Times and Bellingcat. is a post-doc research fellow at the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies. She holds a PhD in Political and Social Sciences from the University of Pisa. She has conducted consultancies for the Fundamental Rights Agency, as well as the International Center for Migration Policy Development, on issues of human smuggling, asylum and human rights. She has previously worked as researcher at ICMPD in Vienna on various EU-funded research projects on issues of migration, biometrics and border control.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

In recent years there has been growing policy attention for illicit ?rearms markets in Europe. Yet, in-depth research into the scale of the problem as well as the speci?c characteristics and dynamics of these markets is lacking for most EU member states. This is part of larger problem where ?rearms and gun violence in the European context have traditionally received scant research attention. To illustrate this, in 2012 Greene and Marsh found that, between 1999 and 2009, 665 Web of Science articles had been written on ?rearms and violence. Two thirds of these arti cles, however, covered the situation in the United States (US), and were written pri marily by authors based in the US. 1

In contrast, research on the situation in Europe

continues to be rather sparse. One of the reasons for this di?erence is that levels of gun crime and gun deaths in Europe are relatively low. A recent study demonstrated that, in the EU, on an annual basis an average of 1,000 homicides are committed with a ?rearm. 2 As such, ?rearms-related homicides in Europe are among the lowest in the world. 3 In addition, large-scale illicit ?rearms tra?cking is quite exceptional in the EU and the illicit ?rearms market is considered to be modest in size. Nevertheless, the lack of a sound understanding of illicit ?rearms markets in Europe is not only an epistemological problem. It has obvious and far-reaching policy implications. Speci?cally, it hampers attempts to develop and implement a comprehensive regulatory and operational approach to combat illicit ?rearms markets and terrorist access to these markets. The EU has repeatedly stated that building a better intelligence picture on this multifaceted security phenomenon is urgently needed. Recent terrorist attacks involving ?rearms in Europe signi?cantly boosted the sense of urgency. Both at national and EU levels various legislative and policy initiatives have been undertaken to reinforce the ?ght against illicit ?rearms tra?cking in general, and to prevent terrorist ?rearms acquisition in particular. Yet, due to the lack of sound research, these initiatives have often been based on a case-bound, partial or even completely lacking, meaningful intelligence pictures. A mature research community could contribute signi?cantly to the intelligence picture of illicit ?rearms tra?cking that is being developed by national law enforce ment agencies and Europol. Yet, a European research community focused on illicit ?rearms tra?cking and gun violence in Europe is currently still germinal. In their extensive literature review Greene and Marsh identi?ed two distinct research communities working on ?rearms-related topics. These communities di?er with regard to their research questions, methodology, means of publication and geogra phy. The ?rst research community is mainly concerned with domestic gun control and the causality between ?rearms availability on the one hand and violent death rates and armed violence on the other hand. This community principally involves scholars based in the US, who publish their mainly quantitative studies in academic journals. The second research community covers a more di?use range of topics, but mainly focuses on linkages between arms ?ows and armed violence. While the members of this second research community are frequently based in Europe, their research focus is traditionally not on European societies but instead on developing countries. 4 Research on the nature of illicit ?rearms tra?cking and gun violence in Europe or on the linkages between ?rearms availability, gun control initiatives and the dynamics of armed violence are generally limited. In some European countries, for example the United Kingdom 5 (UK) or the Netherlands 6 , several in-depth studies have been undertaken since the early 2000s. But "the scanty research e?orts made in this ?eld by epidemiologists, criminologists and legal scholars remain fragmented, and su?er from the fact that there is no integrated scholarly community dealing with gun- related issues. Language barriers, moreover, often prevent the wider dissemination of research results" 7 In addition to these national studies, often commissioned byquotesdbs_dbs20.pdfusesText_26

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