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#---------------------------# INTEGRALS and DERIVATIVES#---------------------------# Chapter 5 of the book# Some YouTube videos about integrals# https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eis11j_iGMs# https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4grhQ5Y_MWo# SciPy page about integrals# https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/tutorial/integrate.html# SINGLE INTEGRAL: area under a curve# DOUBLE INTEGRAL: volume under a surface#---------------------------# SCIPY#---------------------------# We can do derivatives and integrals using SCIPY## Page with explanantions about SciPy
# https://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/teaching/python/book/html/16-scipy.html## Numpy module: vectors, matrices and linear algebra tools.# Matplotlib package: plots and visualisations.# Scipy package: a multitude of numerical algorithms.## Many of the numerical algorithms available through scipy and numpy are # provided by established compiled libraries which are often written # in Fortran or C. They will thus execute much faster than pure Python code.# As a rule of thumb, we expect compiled code to be two orders of magnitude # faster than pure Python code.# Scipy is built on numpy. # All functionality from numpy seems to be available in scipy as well.import numpy as npx = np.arange(0, 10, 1.)y = np.sin(x)print(y)import scipy as spx = sp.arange(0, 10, 1.)y = sp.sin(x)print(y)
#%%#---------------------------# LAMBDA FUNCTION#---------------------------print()# Lambda function is similar to a definition,# but # *) the lambda definition does not include a return statement;# *) we can put a lambda definition anywhere a function is expected;# *) we don't have to assign it to a variable at all.# Go through:
# https://www.southampton.ac.uk/~fangohr/teaching/python/book/html/16-scipy.html# https://www.tutorialspoint.com/scipy/scipy_integrate.htm## Comparedef func(x): return x ** 3print(func(5))print()fanc = lambda x: x ** 3print(fanc(5))#%%# # NUMERICAL INTEGRAL# ------------# Example 1# -----------print()import scipy.integrate as integrateimport numpy as npimport mathfunc = lambda x: math.exp(-x**2)# ------------------------------# numpy could also have been used#func = lambda x: np.exp(-x**2)# ------------------------------------
# definition could also have been used#def func(x): return math.exp(-x**2)sol1=integrate.quad(func, 0, 1)print(sol1)# The solution contains two numbers. # The first is the solution of the of integral # and the second value is # the estimate of the absolute error in the value of the integral.## If we just want to see the solution, we can writeprint()print("Printing just the solution:")sol,err=integrate.quad(func, 0, 1)print(sol)# The scipy documentation states that integrate.quad uses # a technique from the Fortran library QUADPACK. # QUADPACK provides several routines using different techniques.# As scipy is open source, you can actually read the code for integrate.quad at# https://github.com/scipy/scipy/blob/master/scipy/integrate/quadpack.py#%%### MULTIPLE INTEGRALS#### quad: Single integration# dblquad: Double integration# tplquad: Triple integration## # https://www.tutorialspoint.com/scipy/scipy_integrate.htm# ------------# Example 2# -----------import scipy.integratefrom numpy import expfrom math import sqrtfunc = lambda x, y : 16*x*ylowY = lambda x : 0highY = lambda x : sqrt(1-4*x**2)int = scipy.integrate.dblquad(func, 0, 0.5, lowY, highY)print (int)
# %%# MORE EXAMPLES MORE EXAMPLES MORE EXAMPLES# ---------------------# SINGLE INTEGRAL# ---------------------import scipy.integrate as integrateimport numpy as npimport math# Either we define the function like thisdef func(x): return x ** 3sol=integrate.quad(func, 0, 1)print(sol)# Or we lambdify itfanc = lambda x: x ** 3sol=integrate.quad(fanc, 0, 1)print(sol)# ---------------------# DOUBLE INTEGRAL# ---------------------from scipy import integrateimport numpy as npimport math# EITHERdef func(y,x): return 1/math.sqrt(x*y-x**2)def flow(x): return x+2def fup(x): return x+3sol=integrate.dblquad(func, 1, 2, flow, fup)print(sol)# VERY CAREFUL above!! The order of the variables in func matters!!!# If we are going to integrate y first and then x, make sure to have# func(y,x) and NOT func(x,y)# ORfunc = lambda y, x: 1/math.sqrt(x*y-x**2)sol=integrate.dblquad(func, 1, 2, lambda x: x+2, lambda x: x+3)print(sol)
# OR yetdef func(y,x): return 1/math.sqrt(x*y-x**2)sol=integrate.dblquad(func, 1, 2, lambda x: x+2, lambda x: x+3)print(sol)#%%#---------------------------# SYMPY#---------------------------# https://www.sympy.org/en/index.html# SumPy is a Python library for symbolic mathematics.# # SYMBOLIC INTEGRAL# ------------# Example 3# -----------import scipy.integrate as integrateimport sympy as sypx = syp.Symbol('x')intSym = syp.integrate(3.0*x**2+1,x)print( intSym )#%%# # METHODS of INTEGRATION# # Trapezoidal rule# Simpson's rule# Romberg integration# Gaussian quadrature # -------------------------------------# Example 4: # Integral of a semicircle of radius 1# ------------------------------------print()
import scipy.integrate as integrateimport numpy as npfunc = lambda x: np.sqrt(1.-x**2)print()print("The exact solution is Pi/2:",np.pi/2.)print()print("Using quad from scipy")sol,err=integrate.quad(func, -1, 1)print("Solution:",sol, " Error:", err)# --------------# RECTANGLES#---------------print()print("Writing our own code: adding rectangles")print()print("Just 10 intervals")Ntot=10som=0.Xlast=1.Xfirst=-1.delt=(Xlast-Xfirst)/Ntotprint("increment=",delt)for n in range(Ntot): print("where func is evaluated:",Xfirst+n*delt) som=som + func(Xfirst+n*delt)*deltprint("Solution for 10 intervals:",som)print()Ntot=100print(Ntot, "intervals")som=0.Xlast=1.Xfirst=-1.delt=(Xlast-Xfirst)/Ntotfor n in range(Ntot): som=som + func(Xfirst+n*delt)*deltprint("Solution:",som)print()Ntot=1000print(Ntot, "intervals")som=0.Xlast=1.Xfirst=-1.delt=(Xlast-Xfirst)/Ntotfor n in range(Ntot):
som=som + func(Xfirst+n*delt)*deltprint("Solution:",som)#%%### -----------------------------------------# STUDENTS READ THE BOOK (see Canvas)# about the TRAPEZOIDAL RULE and SIMPSON'S RULE# # STUDENTS PRESENT ON THE BOARD # (student selected by chance)# One student presents the TRAPEZOIDAL RULE# One student presents the SIMPSON'S RULE# This exercise can be done in pairs or groups#### -----------------------------------------# LET US NOW CONSIDER THE FUNCTION## x^4 - 2 x +1# in the interval x=0 to x=2## and compare the results that we obtain # by adding rectangles for N=10,100,100 and # by employing # the TRAPEZOIDAL RULE and SIMPSON'S RULE# -----------------------------------------func = lambda x: x**4 - 2.*x + 1.Xfirst = 0Xlast = 2.print()print("Exact solution")var=2exac=var**5/5 - var**2 + varprint("x^5/5-x^2+x in [0,2] is ", exac)print()Ntot=10print(Ntot, "intervals")delt=(Xlast-Xfirst)/Ntotsom=0.print("increment=",delt)
for n in range(Ntot): som=som + func(Xfirst+n*delt)*deltprint("Solution:",som)print("Percentage Error:", 100*abs(som-exac)/exac,"%")print()Ntot=100print(Ntot, "intervals")delt=(Xlast-Xfirst)/Ntotsom=0.for n in range(Ntot): som=som + func(Xfirst+n*delt)*deltprint("Solution:",som)print("Percentage Error:", 100*abs(som-exac)/exac,"%")print()Ntot=1000print(Ntot, "intervals")delt=(Xlast-Xfirst)/Ntotsom=0.for n in range(Ntot): som=som + func(Xfirst+n*delt)*deltprint("Solution:",som)print("Percentage Error:", 100*abs(som-exac)/exac,"%")# ------------------# TRAPEZOIDAL RULE#------------------# Exercise 1# Students solve in class for Ntot=10,100,1000# -----------------------------------------# SIMPSON'S RULE# The number of slices need to be EVEN !!!#------------------------------------------# Exercise 2# Students solve in class for Ntot=10,100,1000# --------------------------------------------# ROMBERG INTEGRATION# and# GAUSSIAN QUADRATURE# Read the book if you want to learn about them.#---------------------------------------------
#%%# -----------------------------------------------# -------------------# ERRORS ON INTEGRALS#--------------------# When the integrand f(x) is known,# there are equations available for # 1) the error using the TRAPEZOIDAL RULE is# error = [f'(a)-f'(b)]*(h^2/12)## 2) the error using the SIMPSON'S RULE is# error = [f'''(a)-f''''(b)]*(h^4/90)## where # f' = first derivative# f''' = third derivative# Integral performes from x=a to x=b# h = (b-a)/N and N = number of slices# ------------------------------# PRACTICAL ESTIMATION OF ERRORS# ------------------------------# valid also when f(x) is not known## Solve the integral with N1 steps and get I1# Solve the integral with N2=2*N1 steps and get I2# 1) the error for I2 using the TRAPEZOIDAL RULE is# error = abs(I2 - I1)/3## 2) the error for I2 using the SIMPSON'S RULE is# error = abs(I2 - I1)/15# -----------# Exercise 3# -----------# Students solve in class.# Use the trapezoidal rule with 20 slices and # calculate the integral of x^4 - 2 x +1# in the interval x=0 to x=2. # Using the "practical estimation of errors", # compute also the error. For this, get the integral for N1=10 and N2=20.
# ------------------------------# CHOOSING THE NUMBER OF STEPS# that gives a desired accuracy# ------------------------------# Read the Section 5.3 of the book# You will need this to solve Exercise 4 of the assignment#%%# ------------------------------# INTEGRALS OVER INFINITE RANGES# ------------------------------# The previous methods do not work,# because we would need an infinite number of sample points.# The solution to this problem is to change variables.## For an integral in x from 0 to infinity, # the standard change of variables from x to z is# # z = x/(1+x) so x = z/(1-z)## Then dx = dz/(1-z)^2# and# \int_0^infinity f(x) dx = \int_0^1 ( 1/(1-z)^2 ) f(z/(1-z)) dz## Many other choices work, so sometimes we need to play around# to find which works better, but # the choice above is often a first good guess (see exception in assignment!).# When the range is from a to infinity,# change x to y: y = x-a# and then y to z: z = y/(1+y)# See equations in the book.# When the range is from -infinity to a,# change z to -z# When the range is from -infinity to infinity,# split the integrals.# -----------# Exercise 4# -----------# Students solve in class the integral # \int_0^infinity exp(-t^2) dt## !!!!!!! CAREFUL !!!!!!!!!!!# At z=1, 1/(1-z) goes to infinity,
# so use z = 0.999999999999999# To solve it analytically, look at YouTube movie # https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqNzKeVCYBU## Show in class that:# \int_{-infinity}^{infinity} exp(-a x^2) dx = sqrt(pi/a) ## Use # (i) \int_{-infinity}^{infinity} exp(-a x^2) dx =
# sqrt[ (\int_{-infinity}^{infinity} exp(-a x^2) dx) (\int_{-infinity}^{infinity} exp(-a y^2) dy) ]# (ii) x = r cos(theta) and y = r sin(theta)# Jacobian: | dx/dr dx/dtheta | # | dy/dr dy/dtheta | = r dr dtheta# (iii) z = r^2 and dz = 2 r dr# %%# ------------# DERIVATIVES# ------------# Forward difference# f' ~ [ f(x+h) - f(x) ]/h for small h# Backward difference# f' ~ [ f(x) - f(x-h) ]/h for small h# Central difference [BETTER OPTION]# f' ~ [ f(x+h/2) - f(x-h/2) ]/h for small h# For second derivatives and partial derivatives# see the book # ------------# Using SYMPY# ------------import sympy as sypx = syp.Symbol('x')ff = syp.diff(syp.sin(x),x)print(ff)
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