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Présentée pour obtenir le grade de Docteur

de l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications

Spécialité : Electronique et Communications

Mohammad VAHDANI

Low-profile, Ultra Wideband and Dual Polarized

Antennas and Feeding Systems

Soutenue le 29 Octobre 2008 devant le jury composé de : Adaildo GOMES D'ASSUNCAO Rapporteur Universidade Federal do

Rio Grande do Norte

Ala SHARAIHA Rapporteur Université de Rennes I Mahmoud KAMAREI Examinateur Université de Téhéran Tan Phu VUONG Examinateur IMEP Grenoble Alireza KAZEMIPOUR Examinateur Laboratoire National d'Essais Bernard HUYART Examinateur Telecom ParisTech Xavier BEGAUD Directeur de thèse Telecom ParisTech ii iii

For my wife Noushin

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I appreciate every effort made by laboratory members throughout this research in adio requency and icrowaves (RFM) Telecom ParisTech. Particularly I would like to thank my Director, Mr. Xavier BEGAUD for his guidance and support in my research. He didn't hesitate to give fruitful advices. Thanks to Professor Mahmoud KAMAREI and Dr. Alireza KAZEMIPOUR for their warm and creative concerns for this dissertation. I must also thank Professor Bernard HUYART, director of the group, for his sincere advice and support. Their comments on my research were so helpful for enhancing the dissertation quality. I also thank to Mr. Professor B. HUYART for accepting the chairmanship of the jury, and Mr. Professors Adaildo GOMES D'ASSUNCAO and Ala SHARAIHA who have kindly agreed to report this dissertation and also for the attention they have brought. I would like to give special thanks to my wife, Noushin, for her helps in building the baluns, antennas and measurements, and contribution for sharing ideas. She encouraged me through this research and without her support and prayer; I could not finish my dissertation at all. I am grateful to my mother and father who prayed for me every day and patiently waited for this Ph.D. dissertation in IRAN. Thanks to my siblings, Farshid, Mahshid, and Maysam, and their families. I would like to thank my parents-in-law for their support and lovely care. I also thank my sister- and brother-in-law, Minoush and Sasha. v

CONTENTS

List of Figures................................................................................................ii

List of Tables................................................................................................xii

Introduction 1

Chapter 1. An Investigation of Compact Wideband Dual Polarization Antennas 5

1.1 Motivation...........................................................................................................5

1.2 Literature Review...................................................................................................7

1.2.1 Wideband Antennas...........................................................................................7

1.2.1.1 The State of the Art of the UWB Antennas.......................................................7

1.2.1.2 Applications..........................................................................................14

1.2.1.2.1 Wideband Wireless Communication Systems.......................................14

1.2.1.2.2 Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) .....................................................14

1.2.1.2.3 Sensing and Imaging.....................................................................15

1.2.1.2.4 Testing Systems..........................................................................15

1.2.2 Wideband Dual Polarization Antennas....................................................................16

1.2.2.1 Applications..........................................................................................16

1.2.2.1.1 Wideband Wireless Communication Systems.......................................16

1.2.2.1.2 MIMO Technology and Smart Antenna..............................................17

1.2.2.1.3 Direction of Arrival Estimation........................................................17

1.2.2.1.4 Thickness Measurement.................................................................17

1.2.3 Compact Wideband Dual Polarization Antennas..................................

.......................18

1.2.3.1 Compact and Low-profile UWB Antennas with Dual Polarization..........................18

1.2.3.2 CPW-fed and CPS-fed Wideband Antenna with Dual Polarization..........................18

1.3 Conclusion: Our Wideband Antenna Candidates.............................................................19

1.4 The State of the Art of the Sinuous Antennas.................................................................21

1.4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................21

1.4.2 Log-Spiral antennas..........................................................................................22

1.4.3 DuHamel Sinuous Antenna.................................................................................23

1.4.4 The sinuous slot antenna....................................................................................23

1.4.4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................24

1.4.4.2 Analysis and Optimization of a Simple Polarized Sinuous Slot Antenna...................24

1.4.4.2.1 The Sinuous Slot Antenna Structure...................................................24

1.4.4.2.2 Sinuous Antenna Function..............................................................25

1.5 References.........................................................................................................27

vi

Chapter 2. Feeding Systems for Ultra Wideband Antennas 32

2.1 The State of the Art of Feeding Systems for Ultra Wideband Antennas.................................32

2.1.1 Introduction...................................................................................................32

2.1.2 The State of the Art of the Feeding Systems for Ultra Wideband Antennas.........................33

2.1.2.1 Balanced-to-Unbalanced Transformation.......................................................33

2.1.2.2 Exponential Tapered Microstrip Structure......................................................34

2.1.2.3 Microstrip-to-Balanced Stripline Balun.........................................................36

2.1.2.4 Variations of Microstrip-to-Balanced Stripline Baluns.......................................38

2.1.3 Conclusion....................................................................................................39

2.2 Optimization and Fabrication of a Feeding System for a Single Polarized Sinuous Slot Antenna...40

2.2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................40

2.2.2 Optimization of a Single Polarized Sinuous Slot Antenna.............................................40

2.2.2.1 Optimization of the Antenna and Consideration of the Parameters

Variations

Chapter 3. Feeding Systems for Ultra Wideband Dual Polarized 57

Antenna in 3-Dimensional Design

3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................57

3.2 The state of the art of Coplanar Baluns for UWB Antennas................................................58

3.2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................58

3.2.2 Coplanar Waveguide (CPW)...............................................................................60

3.2.2.1 Analytical Formulae.................................................................................61

3.2.2.2 Conclusion...........................................................................................63

3.2.3 Microstrip-to-Coplanar Stripline Balun...................................................................63

3.2.3.1 Analysis and Optimization of a UWB Microstrip-to-CPS Balun.............................63

3.2.3.1.1 Impedance and Field Matching.........................................................64

3.2.3.1.2 Analytical formulae of a Coplanar Stripline (CPS).................................65

3.2.3.1.3 Parametric Studies of Microstrip-to-CPS Balun.....................................67

3.2.3.1.4 Transition Performance..................................................................69

3.2.4 Conclusion....................................................................................................71

3.3 New Developed Compact Microstrip-to-CPS Balun: Design and Fabrication

of a Bended Microstrip-to-CPS Balun.........................................................................73

3.3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................73

3.3.2 Modeling of 90° Bended Microstrip-to-CPS and Transition Design................................73

3.3.3 Balun Performance.........................................................................................78

vii

3.3.3.1 Balun Performance in back-to-back configuration...........................................79

3.3.4 Conclusion....................................................................................................84

3.4 Dual Polarized Sinuous Antenna Design......................................................................85

3.4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................85

3.4.2 Optimization of a Microstrip Sinuous Antenna........................................................85

3.4.3 Implementation of the Balun on the Sinuous Antenna in Dual Polarized..........................87

Configuration (3-Dimensional Design)

3.4.3.1 Modeling of Balun-Sinuous Antenna Connection: Single Polarization...................87

3.4.3.2 The Sinuous Antenna in Dual Polarized Configuration......................................94

3.5 Conclusion.......................................................................................................103

3.6 References........................................................................................................104

Chapter 4. New Integrated Feeding System for Ultra Wideband 107

Dual Polarized Antennas

4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................107

4.2 A New UWB CPS-fed Dual Polarized Quasi Bow-Tie Antenna.........................................108

4.2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................108

4.2.2 The Quasi Bow-Tie Antenna Structure..................................................................109

4.2.2.1 Principle of Bow-Tie antenna design............................................................109

4.2.2.2 The Bow-Tie Antenna Structure and Wideband Characteristic..............................110

4.2.2.3 Design Consideration of a Quasi Bow-Tie Antenna..........................................112

4.2.2.3.1 Optimization of Bow-Tie antenna without balun..................................112

4.2.2.3.2 Bow-Tie antenna with balun (Single polarization).................................113

4.2.2.3.3 Dual Polarization Antenna Configuration Design.................................118

4.2.2.3.4 Quasi bow-tie architecture instead of Bow-tie......................................119

4.2.2.3.5 Dual polarized bow-tie antenna configuration......................................128

4.2.4 Conclusion...................................................................................................134

4.3 A New Integrated CPS-fed Sinuous Dual Polarized Antenna.............................................135

4.3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................135

4.3.2 Using Microstrip-to-CPS Balun as a Wideband Antenna Feeding System for

Sinuous Antenna............................................................................................135

4.3.2.1 Introduction.........................................................................................135

4.3.2.2 Modeling of the Connection of Balun and Sinuous Antenna................................135

4.3.2.3 Optimization of a Microstrip Sinuous Antenna................................................136

4.3.2.4 Microstrip-to-CPS Balun as a Wideband Antenna Feeding System for

Sinuous Antenna...................................................................................138

4.3.3 Sinuous Antenna in Compact CPS-fed Form...........................................................142

4.3.4 Implementation of the Bended Microstrip-to-CPS to the Dual Polarized

Sinuous Antenna............................................................................................151

4.3.5 Conclusion...................................................................................................157

4.4 Conclusion.......................................................................................................158

4.5 References........................................................................................................159

General Conclusion 161

List of publications 164

Résumé (Français) a-u

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Chapter 1

Fig.1.1. Return Loss and definitions................................................................................................8

Fig.1.2. Biconical antenna geometry.............................................................................................10

Fig.1.3. Bow-tie antenna geometry. ..............................................................................................11

Fig.1.4. Two arms log-spiral antenna. ...........................................................................................12

Fig.1.5. The sinuous antenna geometry. .........................................................................................13

Fig.1.6. (a) Basic sinuous curve and, (b) Four-arm sinuous antenna [21] ...................................................22

Fig.1.7. Geometry of a conical spiral antenna. .................................................................................24

Fig.1.8. Geometry of single polarized sinuous strip antenna. .................................................................25

Chapter 2

Fig.2.1. A typical schematic for a balanced to unbalanced structure [1] ....................................................32

Fig.2.2. Shielded parallel strip balanced transmission line [1]. ...............................................................33

Fig.2.3. Unbalanced transmission line (a) coaxial and (b) microstrip [1]. ...................................................34

Fig.2.4. Tapered microstrip transmission line. (a) Cross-section and (b) -dependent configuration of strip

conductor [10]. ............................................................................................................35

Fig.2.5. The -dependent configuration of microstrip exponential taper and Tchebycheff tapers ( =8) [10]........36

Fig.2.6. Unbalanced-to-balanced transitions connected back-to-back [1]. ..................................................37

Fig.2.7. Measured performance of transitions fabricated on polystyrene and alumina substrates [1]....................38

Fig.2.8. Unbalanced-to-balanced transitions configuration [12]..............................................................38

Fig.2.9. Geometry of single polarized sinuous slot antenna. ..................................................................41

Fig.2.10. Simulated Return Loss of sinuous slot antenna with three different substrates. ................................41

Fig.2.11. Configuration of the microstip taper balun with SMA connector. ................................................42

Fig.2.12. Measured and simulated Return Loss of microstip taper balun with a load of 70 ...........................43

Fig.2.13. Drawing of the balun. ...................................................................................................44

Fig.2.14. Back-to-back connection of the balun with two H-field probes. ..................................................44

Fig.2.15. Simulated Return Loss and Insertion Loss of back-to-back balun. ...............................................45

Fig.2.16. H-field probe phase for two points are shown in Fig.14 to check the balun's current surface balance......46

Fig.2.17. The geometry of the UWB sinuous slot antenna. ...................................................................46

Fig.2.18. Simulated and measured return loss of the proposed geometry of the sinuous slot antenna...................47

Fig.2.19. Two compact directive UWB slot sinuous antennas with support................................................48

Fig.2.20. Measured Return Loss of the ultra wideband sinuous slot antenna with and without reflector...............48

Fig.2.21. Gain of the sinuous slot antenna with and without reflector. ......................................................49

Fig.2.22. Definition of E-Plane (Phi=0°) and H-Plane (Phi=90°)............................................................50

Fig.2.23. Simulated Directivity radiation patterns of the UWB directive sinuous slot antenna for

f= 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 GHz (a) E-plane (Phi=0°) and (b) H- plane (Phi= 90°)..................................51

Fig.2.24. Simulated Directivity radiation patterns of the UWB directive sinuous slot antenna for

f= 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 GHz (a) E-plane (Phi=0°) and (b) H- plane (Phi= 90°)..................................52

Chapter 3

Fig.3.1. Coplanar waveguide on a finite thickness dielectric substrate.......................................................60

Fig.3.2. Cross section of a coplanar waveguide with upper shielding [18]. ................................................60

Fig.3.3. Cross section of a conductor-backed coplanar waveguide with upper shielding [18]. ..........................60

Fig.3.4. (a) Relative effective permittivity, and (b) characteristic impedance of CPW as a function of aspect ratio a/b for values of h/b, 17.2 . .....................................................................62

Fig.3.5. The microstrip-to-CPS configuration [19]. ............................................................................65

Fig.3.6. Coplanar stripline. ........................................................................................................66

Fig.3.7. Characteristic impedance of CPS as a function of aspect ratio a/b for values of h/b, 17.2 ...............66

Fig.3.8. Simulated (a) return loss and (b) input impedance (normalized at 50 ). ........................................68

Fig.3.9. Balun back-to-back configuration. .....................................................................................69

ix

Fig.3.10. Simulated (a) return loss and (b) input impedance (normalized at 50 ). .......................................70

Fig.3.11. Phase difference of the central points of coplanar striplines in Fig.3.9.. .........................................71

Fig.3.12. Proposed structure of the developed microstrip-to-CPS transition. ..............................................74

Fig.3.13. side view of each balun section. .......................................................................................74

Fig.3.14. Cross-sectional view of the electric distributions: (a) microstrip line, (b) transition, and

(c) coplanar striplines [21]. .............................................................................................75

Fig.3.15. 90° bended balun parameters. ..........................................................................................78

Fig.3.16. Simulated (a) return loss and (b) input impedance (normalized at 50 )... ....................................79

Fig.3.17. Back-to-back configuration of the balun. ............................................................................79

Fig.3.18. Fabrication of the back-to-back configuration. ......................................................................80

Fig.3.19. Measured and simulated (a) return loss and (b) input impedance (normalized at 50 ).......................81

Fig.3.20. Phase difference of the central points of coplanar striplines shown in Fig.17...................................81

Fig.3.21. Surface Current distribution at 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 GHz of the bended microstrip-to-CPS balun.................82

Fig.3.22. Microstrip Sinuous antenna geometry. ...............................................................................85

Fig.3.23. Simulated (a) return loss and (b) input impedance (normalized at 50 ). .......................................86

Fig.3.24. Sinuous antenna connected to the balun geometry in first form. .................................................87

Fig.3.25. Fabrication of the 3-D configuration of single polarized sinuous antenna. .....................................87

Fig.3.26. (a) Measured and simulated return loss and (b) simulated input impedance (normalized at 50 ).......... 89

Fig.3.27. Directivity radiation patterns at 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 GHz of the sinuous antenna geometry.......................90

Fig.3.28. E-plane (

0 ) directivity radiation patterns at 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 GHz of the sinuous antenna

geometry. .................................................................................................................91

Fig.3.29. H-plane (

90
) directivity radiation patterns at 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 GHz of the sinuous antenna

geometry. .................................................................................................................91

Fig.3.30. HPBW calculation of a single polarization sinuous antenna in H-plane for f=4 GHz. ........................93

Fig.3.31. Simulated gain of the sinuous antenna. ..............................................................................94

Fig.3.32. Sinuous antenna connected to the balun geometry in second form. ................................................94

Fig.3.33. Sinuous antenna connected to the balun geometry in dual polarized form.......................................95

Fig.3.34. Simulated return loss and Insertion Loss (The input impedance is normalized at 50 )......................96

Fig.3.35. Simulated input impedance (a) port 1 (b) port 2 (normalized at 50 ). .........................................96

Fig.3.36. Directivity radiation patterns at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 GHz of the dual polarized sinuous

antenna geometry (Polarization 1). ..................................................................................97

Fig.3.37. E-plane (

0 ) directivity radiation patterns at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 GHz

of the dual polarized sinuous antenna geometry (Polarization 1). ................................................98

Fig.3.38. H-plane (

90
) directivity radiation patterns at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 GHz

of the dual polarized sinuous antenna geometry (Polarization 1) ................................................98

Fig.3.39. E-plane (

0 ) directivity radiation patterns at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 GHz

of the dual polarized sinuous antenna geometry (Polarization 2). ................................................99

Fig.3.40. H-plane (

90
) directivity radiation patterns at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 GHz

of the dual polarized sinuous antenna geometry (Polarization 2) ..............................................100

Fig.3.41. The simulated gain of the sinuous antenna. ........................................................................102

Chapter 4

Fig.4.1. VSWR as a function of frequency for dipoles of different wire diameters [7]. .................................109

Fig.4.2. Finite biconical antenna geometry. ....................................................................................110

Fig.4.3. Input impedance of a conical monopole versus monopole height [23]. .....................................111

Fig.4.4. Bow-tie antenna geometry. .............................................................................................111

Fig.4.5. Simulated (a) return loss and (b) input impedance (normalized at 165 ). .....................................112

Fig.4.6. Bow-tie antenna connected to the wideband balun configuration. ................................................113

x

Fig.4.7. Simulated (a) return loss and (b) input impedance (normalized at 50 )........................................114

Fig.4.8. Definition of H-Plane (ij=0°) and E-Plane (ij=90°) and directivity radiation pattern

is shown at f=5 GHz. ...................................................................................................115

Fig.4.9. H-plane (

0 ) directivity radiation patterns at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 GHz of

the bow-tie antenna geometry in single polarization mode........................................................115

Fig.4.10. E-plane (

90
) directivity radiation patterns at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 GHz of

the bow-tie antenna geometry in single polarization mode.......................................................116

Fig.4.11. Simulated gain of the bow-tie antenna for single polarization. ..................................................117

Fig.4.12. Current surface distribution on the bow-tie antenna plane. ......................................................118

Fig.4.13. Coupling on the edge of the bow-tie antenna configuration in dual polarization mode.......................119

Fig.4.14. Quasi bow-tie antenna connected to the wideband balun configuration in single polarization mode.......120

Fig.4.15. The microstrip-to-CPS architecture. .................................................................................121

Fig.4.16. Simulated (a) return loss and (b) input impedance (normalized at 50 ) of the quasi bow-tie antenna....121

Fig.4.17. Surface Current distribution at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 GHz of the quasi bow-tie antenna

geometry in single polarization mode. ..............................................................................122

Fig.4.18. H-plane (

0 ) directivity radiation patterns at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 GHz of

the quasi bow-tie antenna geometry in single polarization mode. ..............................................125

Fig.4.19. E-plane (

90
) directivity radiation patterns at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 GHz of

the quasi bow-tie antenna geometry in single polarization mode. ..............................................126

Fig.4.20. Simulated gain of the quasi bow-tie antenna in single polarization. ............................................127

Fig.4.21. Quasi bow-tie antenna connected to the wideband balun configuration in dual polarization mode.........128

Fig.4.22. (a) Top and bottom and (b) perspective views of dual polarized quasi bow-tie antenna......................129

Fig.4.23. Measured and simulated (a) return loss and (b) insertion loss of the dual polarized

quasi bow-tie antenna (normalized at 50 ). ......................................................................130

Fig.4.24. Simulated input impedance of the dual polarized quasi bow-tie antenna (normalized at 50 ).............131

Fig.4.25. H-plane (

0 ) directivity radiation patterns at 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 GHz of

the quasi bow-tie antenna geometry in dual polarization (Polarization1). .....................................131

Fig.4.26. E-plane (

90
) directivity radiation patterns at 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 GHz of

the quasi bow-tie antenna geometry in dual polarization (Polarization1). .....................................132

Fig.4.27. Simulated gain of the quasi bow-tie antenna in dual polarization. ..............................................133

Fig.4.28. Modeling of the Connection of Balun and Sinuous Antenna. ...................................................136

Fig.4.29. Sinuous antenna geometry. ...........................................................................................137

Fig.4.30. Simulated (a) return loss and (b) input impedance (normalized at 160 ). ....................................137

Fig.4.31. 90° bended microstrip-to-CPS balun configuration. ..............................................................139

Fig.4.32. Simulated (a) return loss and (b) input impedance (normalized at 50 ) ......................................139

Fig.4.33. CPS balun in back-to-back configuration. ..........................................................................140

Fig.4.34. Simulated (a) return loss and insertion loss and (b) input impedance (normalized at 50 ).................141

Fig.4.35. Phase difference of the central points of coplanar striplines in back-to-back configuration.................142

Fig.4.36. integrated sinuous antenna connected to the CPS balun geometry in single polarization mode............143

Fig.4.37. Sinuous antenna geometry with two different ).....................145 Fig.4.40. Surface Current distribution at 3, 4 and 5 GHz of the sinuous antenna geometry

in single polarization mode. .........................................................................................147

Fig.4.41. Directivity radiation patterns at 3 GHz of the sinuous antenna geometry

and the definition of E-plane and H-plane...........................................................................148

Fig.4.42. E-plane (

0 ) directivity radiation patterns at 3, 4, and 5 GHz of the CPS-fed

antenna geometry in single polarization mode......................................................................149

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