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DIETARY

GUIDELINES

FOR AMERICANS

2015-2020

EIGHTH EDITIONDietaryGuidelines.gov

This publication may be viewed and downloaded from the Internet at DietaryGuidelines.gov. Suggested citation: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S . Department of Agriculture.

2015-2020 Dietary

Guidelines for Americans

. 8 th

Edition. December 2015. Available at

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December 2015

2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans - i

Table of Contents

Message

rom the Secretarie s vii .......................................................................... viii Executive Summary........................................................................ ......................................................................... x ............................................................................................ 1

Nutrition & Health Are Closely Related........................................................................

.......................................................................... 2

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans: What It Is, What It Is Not ........................................................................

.................................. 5

Developing the

Dietary Guidelines for Americans ........................................................................

.......................................................... 6

Stage 1

: Review of Current Scientiific Evidence ........................................................................

.......................................................... 7

Stage 2

: Development of the

Dietary Guidelines for Americans ........................................................................

................................ 8

Stage 3

: Implementing the

Dietary Guidelines for Americans ........................................................................

.................................. 10

A Roadmap to the 2015-2020 Edition of the

Dietary Guidelines for Americans ........................................................................

........... 11

Chapter 1. Key Elements of Healthy Eating Patterns................................................................ 13

Introduction ........................................................................ About This Chapter ........................................................................

....................................................................................................... 14

Key Recommendations: Components of Healthy Eating Patterns ........................................................................

................................. 15

Healthy Eating Patterns: Dietary Principles ........................................................................

.................................................................. 16

The Science Behind Healthy Eating Patterns ........................................................................

............................................................... 17

Associations Between Eating Patterns & Health ........................................................................

...................................................... 17

Associations Between Dietary Components & Health ........................................................................

............................................. 17

A Closer Look Inside Healthy Eating Patterns ........................................................................

............................................................... 18 Food Groups ........................................................................

.............................................................................................................. 21

Other Dietary Components ........................................................................ ....................................................................................... 28

Examples of Other Healthy Eating Patterns ........................................................................

................................................................. 35

Healthy Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern ........................................................................

............................................................ 35

Healthy Vegetarian Eating Pattern ........................................................................

............................................................................ 36 Summary ........................................................................

....................................................................................................................... 36

2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans -

Page i

Chapter 2. Shifts Needed To Align With Healthy Eating Patterns................................ 37 Introduction ........................................................................

.................................................................................................................. 38

About This Chapter ........................................................................

....................................................................................................... 38

Current Eating Patterns in the United States ........................................................................

............................................................... 38

A Closer Look at Current Intakes & Recommended Shifts ........................................................................

........................................... 43 Food Groups ........................................................................

.............................................................................................................. 43

Other Dietary Components ........................................................................ ....................................................................................... 53

Underconsumed Nutrients & Nutrients of Public Health Concern ........................................................................

............................ 60 Beverages ........................................................................

................................................................................................................. 61

Opportunities for Shifts in Food Choices ........................................................................

...................................................................... 61 Summary ........................................................................

....................................................................................................................... 62

Chapter 3. Everyone Has a Role in Supporting Healthy Eating Patterns................. 63 Introduction ........................................................................

.................................................................................................................. 64

About This Chapter ........................................................................

....................................................................................................... 64

Creating & Supporting Healthy Choices ........................................................................

....................................................................... 64 The Social-Ecological Model ........................................................................ ....................................................................................... 64 Sectors ........................................................................

...................................................................................................................... 65

Settings ........................................................................

.................................................................................................................... 66

Social & Cultural Norms & Values ........................................................................

............................................................................ 66 Individual Factors ........................................................................

...................................................................................................... 66

Meeting People Where They Are: Contextual Factors & Healthy Eating Patte rns ........................................................................ ...... 67 Food Access ........................................................................

.............................................................................................................. 67

Household Food Insecurity ........................................................................ ........................................................................................ 67 Acculturation ........................................................................

............................................................................................................ 67

Strategies for Action ........................................................................

.................................................................................................... 68

Summary ........................................................................

....................................................................................................................... 72

Page ii

- 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Appendi

es

Appendix 1.

Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans ........................................................................

............................................ 73

Appendix 2.

Estimated Calorie Needs per Day, by Age, Sex, & Physical Activity Level ..................................................................... 77

Appendix 3.

USDA Food Patterns: Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern ........................................................................

........................ 79

Appendix 4.

USDA Food Patterns: Healthy Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern ........................................................................

....... 83

Appendix 5.

USDA Food Patterns: Healthy Vegetarian Eating Pattern ........................................................................

....................... 86

Appendix 6.

Glossary of Terms ........................................................................ ................................................................................... 89

Appendix 7.

Nutritional Goals for Age-Sex Groups Based on Dietary Reference Intakes

& Dietary Guidelines Recommendations ........................................................................

...................................................................... 97

Appendix 8.

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