[PDF] Facts on Aging Quiz.pdf 2015. There have been a

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/2FactsonAgingQuizT F 1. The majority of old people (past 65 years) have Alzheimer's disease. T F 2. As people grow older, their intelligence declines significantly. T F 3. It is very difficult for older adults to learn new things. T F 4. Personality changes with age. T F 5. Memory loss is a normal part of aging. T F 6. As adults grow older, reaction time increases. T F 7. Clinical depression occurs more frequently in older than younger people. T F 8. Older adults are at risk for HIV/AIDS. T F 9. Alcoholism and alcohol abuse are significantly greater problems in the adult population over age 65 than that under age 65. T F 10. Older adults have more trouble sleeping than younger adults do. T F 11. Older adults have the highest suicide rate of any age group. T F 12. High blood pressure increases with age. T F 13. Older people perspire less, so they are more likely to suffer from hyperthermia. T F 14. All women develop osteoporosis as they age. T F 15. A person's height tends to decline in old age. T F 16. Physical strength declines in old age. T F 17. Most old people lose interest in and capacity for sexual relations. T F 18. Bladder capacity decreases with age, which leads to frequent urination. T F 19. Kidney function is not affected by age. T F 20. Increased problems with constipation represent a normal change as people get older. T F 21. All five senses tend to decline with age. T F 22. As people live longer, they face fewer acute conditions and more chronic health conditions. T F 23. Retirement is often detrimental to health--i.e., people frequently seem to become ill or die soon after retirement. T F 24. Older adults are less anxious about death than are younger and middle-aged adults.

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/3T F 25. People 65 years of age and older currently make up about 20% of the U.S. population. T F 26. Most older people are living in nursing homes. T F 27. The modern family no longer takes care of its elderly. T F 28. The life expectancy of men at age 65 is about the same as that of women. T F 29. Remaining life expectancy of blacks at age 85 is about the same as whites. T F 30. Social Security benefits automatically increase with inflation. T F 31. Living below or near the poverty level is no longer a significant problem for most older Americans. T F 32. Most older drivers are quite capable of safely operating a motor vehicle. T F 33. Older workers cannot work as effectively as younger workers. T F 34. Most old people are set in their ways and unable to change. T F 35. The majority of old people are bored. T F 36. In general, most old people are pretty much alike. T F 37. Older adults (65+) have higher rates of criminal victimization than adults under 65 do. T F 38. Older people tend to become more spiritual as they grow older. T F 39. Older adults (65+) are more fearful of crime than are persons under 65. T F 40. Older people do not adapt as well as younger age groups when they relocate to a new environment. T F 41. Participation in volunteering through organizations (e.g., churches and clubs) tends to decline among older adults. T F 42. Older people are much happier if they are allowed to disengage from society. T F 43. Geriatrics is a specialty in American medicine. T F 44. All medical schools now require students to take courses in geriatrics and gerontology. T F 45. Abuse of older adults is not a significant problem in the U.S. T F 46. Grandparents today take less responsibility for rearing grandchildren than ever before. T F 47. Older persons take longer to recover from physical and psychological stress. T F 48. Most older adults consider their health to be good or excellent. T F 49. Older females exhibit better health care practices than older males. T F 50. Research has shown that old age truly begins at 65.

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/4AnswerstoFactsonAgingQuiz1. Themajorityofoldpeople(past65years)haveAlzheimer'sdisease.False.Accordingtothe2014Alzheimer'sDiseaseFactsandFiguresReportpublishedbytheAlzheimer'sAssociation,oneinninepeople65andolder(11%)haveAlzheimer'sdisease.Aboutone-thirdofpeopleage85andolder(32%)haveAlzheimer'sdisease.OfthosewithAlzheimer'sdisease,thevastmajority(82%)areage75orolder.2. Aspeoplegrowolder,theirintelligencedeclinessignificantly.False.Althoughtherearesomecircumstanceswherethestatementmayholdtrue,currentresearchevidencesuggeststhatintellectualperformanceinhealthyindividualsholdsupwellintooldage.Theaveragemagnitudeofintellectualdeclineistypicallysmallinthe60sand70sandisprobablyoflittlesignificanceforcompetentbehavior.Thereismoreaveragedeclineformostabilitiesobservedoncethe80sarereached,althougheveninthisagerangetherearesubstantialindividualdifferences.Littleornodeclineappearstobeassociatedwithbeingfreeofcardiovasculardisease,littledeclineinperceptualspeed,atleastaveragesocioeconomicstatus,astimulatingandengagedlifestyle,andhavingflexibleattitudesandbehaviorsatmid-life.Thegoodnewsisthatresearchdatanowindicatethatthisisalifestageprogrammedforplasticityandthedevelopmentofuniquecapacitiesandthatintellectualdeclinecanbemodifiedbylife-styleinterventions,suchasphysicalactivity,ahealthydiet,mentalstimulation,andsocialinteraction.3. Itisverydifficultforolderadultstolearnnewthings.False.Althoughlearningperformancetendsonaveragetodeclinewithage,allagegroupscanlearn.Researchstudieshaveshownthatlearningperformancescanbeimprovedwithinstructionsandpractice,extratimetolearninformationorskills,andrelevanceofthelearningtasktointerestsandexpertise.Itiswellestablishedthatthosewhoregularlypracticetheirlearningskillsmaintaintheirlearningefficiencyovertheirlifespan.4. Personalitychangeswithage.False.Personalityremainsconsistentinmenandwomenthroughoutlife.Personalityimpactsrolesandlifesatisfaction.Particulartraitsinyouthandmiddleagewillnotonlypersistbutmaybemorepronouncedinlaterlife.

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/55. Memorylossisanormalpartofaging.True.Asoneagesthereismodestmemoryloss,primarilyshort-termmemory(recentevents).Olderadultsaremorelikelytoretainpastornewinformationthatisbasedonknowledgeacquiredorbuildsupontheirlifecourseorevents.Retrievalofinformationmayslowwithage.Thecausesofthesechangesareunknown,butmayincludestress,loss,physicaldisease,medicationeffects,depression,andage-relatedbrainchanges.Lackofattention,fatigue,hearingloss,andmisunderstandingareamongfactorsimpactingmemorylossinpersonsofallages.Strategiessuchasactivityandexercise,association,visualization,environmentalcueing,organizationbycategoryandconnectiontoaplacemayhelptopromptmemory.6. Asadultsgrowolder,reactiontimeincreases.True.Reactiontimeistheintervalthatelapsesbetweentheonsetofastimulusandthecompletionofamotorresponse,suchashittingthebrakepedalofacarwhenthetrafficlightturnsyelloworred.Whenprocessingordinarystimuli,adultsdoshowlargeincreasesinresponsetimewithincreasingage.7. Clinicaldepressionoccursmorefrequentlyinolderthanyoungerpeople.False.Thereisnoevidencethatdepressionoccursmoreofteninolderadultsthanyoungergroups,anditshouldnotbeconsideredanormalpartofaging.However,itisthemostcommonmentalhealthproblemofolderadults.Depressionmayvaryfromfeeling"blue"fromgriefoveralosstoadiagnosisofclinicaldepressionbytheDSM-5criteria.Accuratediagnosisandtreatmentoptionsareoftenhinderedbytheresistancetomentalhealthinterventionandbysituationaldepressioninolderadultsastheyreacttoisolation,rolechange,illness,andmedicationeffects.8. OlderadultsareatriskforHIV/AIDS.True.Americansaged50andolderhavemanyofthesameHIVriskfactorsasyoungerAmericans.AccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,personsaged55andolderaccountedfor26%oftheestimated1.2millionpeoplelivingwithHIVinfectionintheU.S.in2011,and5%ofnewHIVinfectionswereamongAmericansaged55andolderin2010.9. Alcoholismandalcoholabusearesignificantlygreaterproblemsintheadultpopulationoverage65thanthatunderage65.False.Theredoesn'tappeartobesubstantialsupportforthisidea.However,accordingtotheNationalSurveyonDrugUseandHealthconductedin2010,nearly40%ofadultsage65andolderdrinkalcohol.Accordingtothesurvey,mostofthemdon'thaveadrinkingproblem,butsomeofthemdrinktoomuch.Menaremorelikelythanwomentohaveproblemswithalcohol.Researchdoessupportthatolderpeoplemightbecomemoresensitivetoalcoholastheyage.Aswegrowolder,ourmetabolismslowsdownsoanolder

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/6personwillbreakdownalcoholmoreslowlythanayoungpersonandalcoholwillstayinanolderperson'sbodylonger.Additionally,asweage,theamountofwaterintheblooddecreasessoolderadultswillhaveahigherpercentageofalcoholintheirbloodthanyoungerpeopleafterdrinkingthesameamountofalcohol.Furthermore,aginglowersthebody'stoleranceforalcoholwhichmeansthatolderadultsmightexperiencetheeffectsofalcohol,suchaslackofcoordinationandslurredspeech,morereadilythanwhentheywereyounger.Asolderpeoplearedealingwithmorechronichealthconditions,oftentimestheyaretakingmoremedications.Drinkingalcoholcancausecertainmedicinestonotworkproperlyandothermedicinestobecomemoredangerousorevendeadly.Duetotheseissues,anolderpersonismoresusceptibletodevelopproblemswithalcoholeventhoughhisorherdrinkinghabitshavenotchanged.10. Olderadultshavemoretroublesleepingthanyoungeradultsdo.True.Olderadultsoftenexperiencesleepchangessuchastakinglongertofallasleep,frequentawakenings,daytimenapping,circadianrhythmchanges,lightersleep(lesstimeindeepsleepandREMsleep),moreabnormalbreathingevents,andincreasedfrequencyoflegmovements.Theoverallqualityofsleepmaydeclinewithageeventhoughmoretimemaybespentinbed.Amongthefactorsthatmaycontributetosleepproblemsinolderadultsarecomorbidities,CNSdisorders,GIdisorders,orurinarydisorders;pain;depression;polypharmacy;lackofexercise;lifestressors;alcohol;smoking;environmentalnoisesandinstitutionalroutines;andpoorsleephygiene.11. OlderadultshavethehighestsuiciderateofanyagegroupFalse.TheCentersforDiseaseControl&Preventionreportedthatin2013thehighestsuicideratewasamongpersons45-64yearsold(19.1/100,000).Thesecondhighestrate(18.6)occurredinthose85yearsandolder.The65-84agegrouphadroughlythesamerateas25-44yearoldswiththethirdhighestrate.Adolescentsandyoungadultsaged15-24hadarateof10.9.Thisisachangefromthepastwhenolderadults(65+)consistentlyhadthehighestrates.Malesaccountforthemajorityofsuicidesinallagegroups.12. Highbloodpressureincreaseswithage.TrueandFalse.Thereisevidencethatbloodpressuredoesincreasewithage.However,thereiscontroversyoverthecriteriaforestablishinghighbloodpressurewithincreasingage.Thesystolic(highernumber)measureisthepressurewhentheheartisstressedasitcontractsandisrecordedwhenthepressurecuffisfirstreleasedafterbeingtightened.Thediastolic(lowernumber)isthebloodpressurewhentheheartisatrestandisderivedwhenthebloodpressurereturnstonormalafterthefirstrushofblooduponreleaseofthecuff.Inthegeneralpopulation,age60andolder,theEighthReportoftheJointNationalCommissiononDetection,EvaluationandTreatmentofHighBloodPressurerecommendsdrugtherapyifthesystolicpressureis90mmHgorhigher,andaimsforasystolicgoaloflessthan150mmHg(150/90).Thereportrecommendsrelaxingthebloodpressuregoalsinelderlypatientsinordertoreduceconcernsrelatedtoover-treatinghypertensionandcausingadverseeventsinthispopulationthatisspecificallyatahighriskforfalls.However,

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/7therecontinuestobediscussionrelatedtoacutoffof60yearsversus80yearsofagefortheserevisedrecommendations.13. Olderpeopleperspireless,sotheyaremorelikelytosufferfromhyperthermia.True.Perspirationandquenchingofthirsthelptocombatoverheating.Olderadultsperspireless,arelessawareofthirstandlessabletofeeloradapttoextremesintemperaturethanyoungerpersons.Lesssensitiveskinsensorsandlessinsulationoffattydepositsundertheskinandthelessefficientfunctioningofthehypothalamus(thetemperatureregulatingmechanisminthebrain)occurinolderadults.Prolongedtimeforolderadultstoreturntocoretemperatureafterexposuretoextremeheatorcoldbeginsatage70yearsandincreasesthereafter.Educationandtakingprecautionsmaypreventmostdeathsrelatedtotemperatureextremes.Increasedfluidintake,gradualaccommodationtoclimatechange,rest,minimizingexertionduringheat,useoffansand/orairconditioning,wearinghatsandlooseclothingandavoidanceofalcoholaresomestrategiesforhyperthermia.14. Allwomendeveloposteoporosisastheyage.False.Osteoporosis("porousbone")isassociatedwithincreasingageandismorecommoninwomen(especiallyWhiteandAsianwomen)thanmen,butitisnotaninevitableoutcome.Graduallossofbonytissuecausesbrittlebonestofracturemoreeasilyinbothmenandwomenastheyage.Deficiencyinbonemineraldensityoccursin50%ofwomenover50yearsto57%ofwomen70yearsorolder,butdecreasesto45%forthoseover80years.Womenrarelydeveloposteoporosisuntilage70years.Bonemineraldensity(BMD)istypicallymeasuredthroughaDXA(dual-energyx-rayabsorptiometry)test.Resultsarecomparedtothepeakbonemineraldensityofahealthy30-yearoldadult.Lowbonemassthatisnotlowenoughtobediagnosedasosteoporosisisreferredtoasosteopenia.Preventionofosteoporosisbeginswithadequatecalciumintakeinone'steensandthereafterwithincreasedattentiontogettingadequateamountsaftermenopause.AdequatevitaminD(fromsunlight,foods,orsupplements)isessentialtoabsorbingcalcium.Weightbearingexercise,hormonereplacementtherapy(HRT),decreasedalcohol,protein,saltandcaffeineconsumption,andsmokingcessationcanalsominimizeboneloss.HRTmayoffersomeprotectionagainstheartdisease,cognitiveimpairmentandboneloss,butalsomaypresentrisksforcervicalcancer.15. Aperson'sheighttendstodeclineinoldage.True.Duetoosteoporosis,osteoarthritisandalifetimeofwearandtear,uppervertebraeareweakened;jointspacesandbufferingtissueswear,andmusclesatrophy.Thesechangesfosterdecreasedpaddingbetweenvertebraldiscs,whichaccountsforalossofheight.Startingataboutage40,peopletypicallyloseabout.4incheachdecadeandheightlossmaybeevenmorerapidafterage70.Thetendencytobecomeshorteroccursamongallracesandinbothsexes.Youcanhelpminimizelossofheightbyfollowingahealthydiet,stayingphysicallyactive,andpreventingandtreatingboneloss(osteoporosis).Getting

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/8enoughcalciumandvitaminDisalsoimportanttokeepingbonesstrong.Exercisesthatstrengthenbackmusclesandthebody'scoremaybeparticularlybeneficial.Someresearchhassuggestedthatyogamaybehelpfulinpreventingspinecurvaturethatcontributestoheightloss.16. Physicalstrengthdeclinesinoldage.True.Musclemassdeclines,cartilageerodes,membranesfibrose(harden),andfluidthickens.Thesecontributetostiffness,gaitproblems,lessenedmobility,andlimitedrangeofmotion.Sarcopenia,theage-relatedlossofmusclemass,strengthandfunction,startstosetinaroundage45,whenmusclemassbeginstodeclineatarateofabout1percentayear.Thisgraduallosshasbeentiedtoproteindeficiency,lackofexercise,andincreasedfrailtyamongtheelderly.Researchshowsthatweightbearingexercise,aerobics,andweightresistancecanrestoremusclestrength,increasestamina,stabilizebalanceandminimizefalls.17. Mostoldpeopleloseinterestinandcapacityforsexualrelations.False.Sexuality,whichWaiteetal.(2009)defineas"thedynamicoutcomeofphysicalcapacity,motivation,attitudes,opportunityforpartnership,andsexualconduct,"existsthroughoutlifeinoneformoranotherineveryone.Itincludesthephysicalactofintercourseaswellasmanyothertypesofintimacysuchastouch,hugging,andholding.Sexualityisrelatedtooverallhealthwiththosewhosehealthisratedasexcellentorgoodbeingnearlytwiceaslikelytobesexuallyactiveasthosewhosehealthisratedaspoorer.Theparticularformittakesvarieswithageandgender.Ingeneral,menaremorelikelythanwomentohaveapartner,morelikelytobesexuallyactivewiththatpartner,andtendtohavemorepositiveandpermissiveattitudestowardsex.WhiletheNationalSocialLife,Health,andAgingProjectshowedthattherewasasignificantdeclineinthepercentageofmenandwomenwhoreportedhavinganysexintheprecedingyear(comparing57-64,65-74,and75-84years),someofthisdeclinerelatestolossofpartners.Thosewhoremainedsexuallyactivewithapartnermaintainedremarkablyconstantratesofsexualactivitythrough65-74andfellonlymodestlyattheoldestages.Normalagingphysicalchangesinbothmenandwomensometimesaffecttheabilityofanolderadulttohaveandenjoysex.Awoman'svaginamayshortenandnarrowandhervaginalwallsbecomethinnerandstifferwhichleadstolessvaginallubricationandeffectsonsexualfunctionand/orpleasure.Asmenage,impotence(alsoknownaserectiledysfunction-ED)becomesmorecommon.EDmaycauseamantotakelongertohaveanerectionanditmaynotbeasfirmorlargeasitusedtobe.Additionally,thelossoferectionafterorgasmmayhappenmorequicklyoritmaytakelongerbeforeanerectionispossible.Medicationstakenforchronicconditionssuchasarthritis,chronicpain,dementia,diabetes,heartdisease,incontinence,strokeanddepressionmightcausesexualproblemsleadingtoEDinmenandvaginaldrynessanddifficultywitharousalororgasminwomen.Patienteducationandcounselingandabilitytoclinicallyidentifysexualproblemscanhelpresolvesomeoftheseissues.

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/918. Bladdercapacitydecreaseswithage,whichleadstofrequenturination.True.Symptomsinthelowerurinarytractaremoreprevalentamongtheolderadults,andclinicalstudieshavedemonstratedadvancingagetobeassociatedwithareducedbladdercapacity.Theelastictissuebecomestoughandthebladderbecomeslessstretchyresultinginthebladdernotholdingasmuchurineasbefore.Blockageoftheurethracanoccurwhichinwomenisduetoweakenedmusclesthatcausethebladderorvaginatofalloutofposition(prolapsed).Inmen,theurethracanbecomeblockedbyanenlargedprostate.Agingincreasestheriskofkidneyandbladderproblemsandcanleadtobladdercontrolissuessuchasurinaryincontinenceorleakage,orurinaryretentionwhichmeansyouarenotabletocompletelyemptyyourbladder.Urinarytractinfections(UTIs)arealsocommonasweageaswellasanincreasedchanceforchronickidneydisease.19. Kidneyfunctionisnotaffectedbyage.False.Theoverallamountofkidneytissuedecreasesaswellasthenumberoffilteringunits(nephrons).Nephronsfilterwastematerialfromtheblood.Bloodvesselssupplyingthekidneyscanbecomehardenedwhichcausesthekidneystofilterbloodmoreslowly.Withaging,thereisadecreaseinglomerularfiltrationrate(GFR)andrenalbloodflow(RBF).TheGFRismaintainedatapproximately140ml/min/1.73muntilthefourthdecade.GFRdeclinesbyabout8ml/min/1.73perdecadethereafter.SimilarchangesinRBFoccuranditiswellmaintainedatabout600ml/minuntilapproximatelythefourthdecade,andthendeclinesbyabout10percentperdecade.Additionally,asapersonages,thekidneysundergoamultitudeofstructuralandfunctionalchanges.Structuralchangesincludedecreasedrenalmass,renalcortexandthenumberofglomeruli,andincreasedglomerularsclerosis.Agingalsoisassociatedwithtubule-interstitialfibrosis,scarring,infarctionandlossoftubularmass.Thesestructuralchangesareresponsibleforthereducedrenalsizeoftheagingkidney.Furthermore,theagerelatedchangesinthekidneysmaybefurthercomplicatedbyconcurrentcomorbiditiescommoninoldage,suchashypertension,diabetes,congestivecardiacfailure,atherosclerosis,urinarytractoutflowobstruction,recurrenturinarytractinfectionsanddrug-inducednephrotoxicity.ItisnotclearastowhatextentadeclineinGFRwithageisphysiologicalandwhatlevelofGFRshouldbeconsideredabnormal.Insummary,renalfunctiondeclinesphysiologicallywithadvancingageandpathologicallyasaresultofassociateddiabetesandhypertension.20. Increasedproblemswithconstipationrepresentanormalchangeaspeoplegetolder.False.Althoughsomenormalchangeswithaginginthegastrointestinaltract(decreasedGImusclestrengthandmotility,laxsphincters,loweredjuices)maycontributetoproblemswithconstipation,studiesshowlittledifferenceincolonactivityofhealthyolderandyoungerpeople.Whenconstipationexists,itisusuallytheresultoffactorssuchasinadequateexercise,adietlowinfiber,inadequatefluidintake,andcertainmedications.Certainhealthconditionscancontributetoconstipation - suchasdepression,hypothyroidism,neurologicaldiseaseslikeParkinson's,orevenbowelcancer.Itisimportanttofindthesourceoftheconstipationandtreatit.

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/1021. Allfivesensestendtodeclinewithage.True.Whilethereisconsiderableindividualvariation,onaveragesensoryprocesses(vision,hearing,taste,smell,andtouch)don'tworkaswellaspeoplegetolder.Anotherwaytosayitisthatthethresholdatwhichwetakeinstimuliincreaseswithage.Theeyelens,forexample,islessabletochangeshapesoastoadjusttocloseandfarobjects,andthesizeofthepupilnarrowssoastoletinlesslight.Hearinglossbeginsatage20,andformanyinvolvesgrowinginabilitytohearhigherfrequenciesassensoryreceptorsintheearandnervecellsintheauditorypathwaytothebrainarelost.Tastebudsbecomelesssensitivewithaging,andafterage80morethan75percentofolderadultsshowmajorimpairmentintheirsenseofsmell.Manyofthesenormalchangescanbecompensatedforthroughincreasinglysophisticatedassistivedevices(hearingaids,glasses,etc.)andthroughmodificationsoftheolderperson'senvironment.22. Aspeoplelivelonger,theyfacefeweracuteconditionsandmorechronichealthconditions.True.Theincidenceofacuteortemporaryconditions,suchasinfectionsorthecommoncold,decreaseswithage,althoughthosethatdooccurcanbemoredebilitatingandrequiremorecare.Olderpeoplearemuchmorelikelythantheyoungtosufferfromchronicconditions.Thesearelong-term(morethanthreemonths),oftenpermanent,andleavearesidualdisabilitythatmayrequirelong-termmanagementorcareratherthancure.Morethan80%ofolderadultshaveonechroniccondition,and50%haveatleasttwo.Thelikelihoodofmultiplechronicconditionsincreaseswithage.InaCentersforMedicareandMedicaidServicesreportin2012,themostcommonchronicconditionswerehighbloodpressure,highcholesterol,heartdisease,arthritisanddiabetesinthatorder.23. Retirementisoftendetrimentaltohealth--i.e.,peoplefrequentlyseemtobecomeillordiesoonafterretirement.False.Whilestudiesshowbothnegativeandpositivecorrelationsbetweenretirementandhealthoutcomes(includingmortality),thereisnoclearevidencethatretirementisactuallyacausalfactorinhealthdeclinesormortality.ThereverseistrueforsomeasshowninthelongitudinalHealthandRetirementStudy(HRS)wherehealthwasgivenasareasonforretirementamongyoungerretireesbutseldomforolderretirees.Withtheexceptionofsomewhoretireduetoinvoluntaryjobloss,formosttheretirementeventdoesnotappeartoinfluencedeclinesineitherphysicalormentalhealth.Healthdeclineisrelatedtoageorprevioushealthproblems,notretirementperse.Retirementmayactuallyimprovefunctionalhealthbyreducingstressontheindividual.StudiesbasedonHRSdatahaveshownincreasedhappinessandlifesatisfactionandreducedlonelinessamongretirees.

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/1124. Olderadultsarelessanxiousaboutdeaththanareyoungerandmiddle-agedadults.True.Althoughdeathinindustrializedsocietyhascometobeassociatedprimarilywitholdage,studiesgenerallyindicatethatdeathanxietyinadultsdecreasesasageincreases.Amongthefactorsthatmaycontributetoloweranxietyareasensethatgoalshavebeenfulfilled,livinglongerthanexpected,comingtotermswithfinitudeanddealingwiththedeathsoffriends.Thegeneralfindingthatolderadultsarelessfearfulofdeaththanmiddle-agedcounterpartsshouldnotobscurethefactthatsomesubgroupsmayhaveconsiderablepreoccupationandconcernaboutdeathanddying.Somefeartheprocessofdyingmuchmorethandeathitself.25. People65yearsofageandoldercurrentlymakeupabout20%oftheU.S.population.False.AccordingtotheU.S.CensusBureau,peopleage65andolderwereprojectedtorepresent14.5percentofthetotalpopulationin2015,anincreasefrom12.4percentin2000.However,asthe"babyboom"generation(born1946-1964)isnowbeginningtosurpassage65,theproportionofolderadultswillgrowdramatically.Itisestimatedthatby2030,adultsover65willcomposenearly20percentofthepopulation.26. Mostolderpeoplearelivinginnursinghomes.False.Arelativelysmallpercentageofthe65+population,3.4%in2013(1.3million)livedininstitutionalsettingssuchasnursinghomes.However,thepercentageincreasesdramaticallywithage,ranging(in2013)from1%forpersons65-74yearsto3%forpersons75-84yearsand10%forpersons85+.27. Themodernfamilynolongertakescareofitselderly.False.Evidencefromseveralstudiesandnationalsurveysindicatesthatfamiliesarethemajorcareprovidersforimpairedolderadults.Familiesprovide70to80percentofthein-homecareforolderrelativeswithchronicimpairments.Familymembershavecaredforthetypicalolderadultwhoreachesalong-termcaresettingforasignificantamountoftimefirst.Researchhasshownthatadultchildrenaretheprimarycaregiversforolderwidowedwomenandolderunmarriedmen,andtheyarethesecondarycaregiversinsituationswherethespouseofanolderpersonisstillalive.Spousesoftengiveextensivecaregivingformanyyears.Parentcarehasbecomeapredictableandnearlyuniversalexperienceacrossthelifecourse,althoughmostpeoplearenotadequatelypreparedforit.28. Thelifeexpectancyofmenatage65isaboutthesameasthatofwomen.False.In2011remaininglifeexpectancyatage65wasabout2½yearslessformenthanwomen(20.22yearsforwomenand17.66formen).Atage75women'sremaininglifeexpectancyexceedsmenbylessthan2years(12.76forwomenand10.94formen).Atage85remaininglifeexpectancydifferenceisonlyaboutoneyear(6.87forwomenand5.81formen).Overalllifeexpectancyatbirthisalmost5yearsgreaterforwomen(80.95)thanmen(76.18).

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/1229. Remaininglifeexpectancyofblacksatage85isaboutthesameaswhites.True.Althoughremaininglifeexpectancyofblacksatage65isabout1.5yearslessthanthatofwhitesatage65,bythetimetheyreach85remaininglifeexpectancyisslightlyhigherforblacks(6.8vs.6.5years).Theslightexcessforblacksholdsforbothmalesandfemales.Onepossibleexplanationforthisconvergenceeffectisthatblackswhomakeittotheoldestagesdosoinspiteofmanydisadvantagesandare"survivors"whohavedevelopedphysiologicalandsocialpsychologicalsurvivaladvantages.30. SocialSecuritybenefitsautomaticallyincreasewithinflation.True.Beginningin1975SocialSecuritybenefitsareperiodicallyautomaticallyadjustedtoinflation.Currentlawtiesthisincreasetotheconsumerpriceindex(CPI)ortheriseinthegeneralwagelevel,whicheverislower.Forexample,monthlySocialSecurityandSupplementalSecurityIncome(SSI)benefitsfornearly64millionAmericansincreased1.7%in2015.31. LivingbelowornearthepovertylevelisnolongerasignificantproblemformostolderAmericans.False.Whiletheproportionofolderpeople(65+)livingbelowthefederalpovertyleveldeclinedsignificantlybetween1959and2013from35%to9.5%,thisindexratherdramaticallyunderestimatesneed.ThepovertylevelisbasedonanestimateofthecostofitemsintheDepartmentofAgriculture'sleastcostlynutritionallyadequatefoodplan(assumedtobeevenlessforapersonover65thanunder65)andmultipliedbythree(suggestingthatfoodcostsrepresentonethirdofabudget).Thisisprobablynotafairrepresentationoflivingcostsinmanyareasofthecountry,particularlyurbanareas.Therefore,gerontologistsandeconomistsalsolookattheproportionnearpovertylevel(anywherefrom125%to200%ofpovertylevel).Using125%ofthepovertylevelasacut-off,another5.6%ofolderadultscouldbeconsideredinpoverty.Thoseincludedinthisgrouparedisproportionatelywomen,Hispanics,Blacks,thosenotmarried,andthoselivingalone.32. Mostolderdriversarequitecapableofsafelyoperatingamotorvehicle.True.Someolderadultsdohavevisual,motor,orcognitiveimpairmentsthatmakethemdangerousdrivers.Manydrivemoreslowlyandcautiouslyoravoiddrivinginconditionstheyconsiderthreateninginordertocompensateforthesechanges.Untilapproximatelyage85olderadultshavefewerdriverfatalitiespermilliondriversthanmen20yearsold,buttheydohavemoreaccidentspermilesdriven.Unsafespeedandalcoholuseareleadingfactorsinaccidentsforyoungdrivers,whileright-of-wayviolationsaretheleadingcauseofaccidentsinvolvingolderdrivers--whichimpliesabreakdowninsuchcognitive-perceptualcomponentsasestimatingthespeedofoncomingcarsorreactingtooslowlytounexpectedevents.Olderdrivers'skillscanbeimprovedconsiderablybyspecificdrivertrainingsuchasthroughtheAARP"55ALIVE/MatureDriving"program.

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/1333. Olderworkerscannotworkaseffectivelyasyoungerworkers.False.Negativeperceptionsofolderworkerspersistbecauseofhealthissues,diminishedenergy,discomfortwithtechnology,closenesstoretirement,andreactiontochangeintheworkplace--allassociatedwitholderadults.Tothecontrary,researchidentifiedcharacteristicsoflowturnover,lessvoluntaryabsenteeismandfewerinjuriesinolderworkers.Recenthighratingsofolderworkersfromemployersciteloyalty,dependability,emotionalstability,congenialitywithco-workers,andconsistentandaccurateworkoutcomes.AARPgaveanawardin2013(cosponsoredbytheSocietyforHumanResourceManagement)totheBestEmployersforWorkersOver50.Someofthenationallyrecognizedorganizationsthatmadethelistwere:NationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH),ScrippsHealth,AtlanticHealthSystem,MichelinNorthAmerica,andtheDepartmentofVeteranAffairs-VeteranHealthAdministrationDivision.34. Mostoldpeoplearesetintheirwaysandunabletochange.False.Themajorityofolderpeoplearenot"setintheirwaysandunabletochange."Thereissomeevidencethatolderpeopletendtobecomemorestableintheirattitudes,butitisclearthatolderpeopledochange.Tosurvive,theymustadapttomanyeventsoflaterlifesuchasretirement,childrenleavinghome,widowhood,movingtonewhomes,andseriousillness.Theirpoliticalandsocialattitudesalsotendtoshiftwiththoseoftherestofsociety,althoughatasomewhatslowerratethanforyoungerpeople.35. Themajorityofoldpeoplearebored.False.Olderpersonsareinvolvedinmanyanddiverseactivities.Afterretirementmanyparticipateasvolunteersinchurches,schoolsorothernonprofitorganizationsorengageinhobbiesandotherleisurepursuits.Theyreportthemselvestobe"verybusy."Astheyagemostpersonsarelikelytocontinuethelevelofactivitytowhichtheywereaccustomedinmiddleage,albeitwithadifferentsetofactivitiesthathelpstructuretheirtimeandprovidedfeelingsofaccomplishmentthatwereearlierprovidedthroughworkand/orfamilyresponsibilities.36. Ingeneral,mostoldpeopleareprettymuchalike.False.Olderadultsareatleastasdiverseasanyotheragegroupinthepopulation,andonmanydimensionstheymayactuallybemorediverseduetotheirvariedhealth,socialrole,andcopingexperiencesthroughoutthelifecourse.Astheolderpopulationbecomesmoreandmoreethnicallydiverse,differencescouldbeevengreater.Itisverymisleadingtotalkaboutolderadultsas"theelderly,"forthistermmayobscurethegreatheterogeneityofthisagegroup.

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/1437. Olderadults(65+)havehigherratesofcriminalvictimizationthanadultsunder62do.False.DatafromtheBureauofJusticeStatisticssuggestthatthisisnottrue.Statisticsshowthatpeopleovertheageof65arelesslikelytobevictimsofviolentcrimesthanyoungerpeopleandthishasbeentrueformanyyears.AnnualdatafromnationalCrimeVictimizationSurveysindicatethatpersonsaged65andolderhavethelowestvictimizationratesofanyagegroupinallcategories,includingrape,robbery,aggravatedassault,andpersonallarcenywithoutcontact.Onlyforthecategoryofpersonallarcenywithcontact(e.g.,purse/walletsnatching)isthevictimizationrateequaltoyoungeragegroups.Nevertheless,thehealthandfinancialconsequencesmaybegreaterfortheoldervictim.Itisimportanttonotethatolderpeoplearemorelikelytoreportcrimestothepolicethanyoungerpeoplesostatisticsareviewedasbeingmoreaccurateandrepresentativeofwhatisactuallyoccurring.38. Olderpeopletendtobecomemorespiritualastheygrowolder.True.Spiritualityhastobedistinguishedfromreligionandparticipationinreligionasasocialinstitution(thefocusofthisquestioninthe1steditionofthisquiz).Spirituality,accordingtoRobertAtchley(2008),refersto"aninner,subjectiveregionoflifethatrevolvesaroundindividualexperiencesofbeing,transcendingthepersonalself,andconnectingwiththesacred."Itmayoccurinoroutsideofreligiouscontexts,althoughcohortsbornbeforeWorldWarIIseemmorelikelytoseethetwolinkedthandolatercohorts.Continuingtogrowspirituallyseemstobeanespeciallyimportantfrontieraspeoplemoveintothemiddleandlateryears.Tornstam's(2005)gerotranscendencetheoryassertsthatweshiftfromamaterialistic,role-orientedlifephilosophytoatranscendent,spiritualperspective39. Olderadults(65+)aremorefearfulofcrimethanarepersonsunder65.False.Althoughseveralsurveysshowedthatfearofcrimeingeneralexistsinolderadults--despitetheirlowerratesofvictimization(the"victimization/fearparadox"),whenaskedaboutfearofspecifictypesofcrimes(e.g.,murder,robbery)olderpeoplewerenotmorefearfulthanthoseinyoungeragegroups.Studiesthathaveshownanincreaseinfearofcrimeinlaterlifepossiblyhaveusedmeasuresofquestionablevalidity.Totheextentthatfeardoesexist,itmayhavenegativeconsequencesforqualityoflife - leadingtoextrememeasurestobarone'swindowsandsecuredoorsandgeneralhesitancetogooutinthecommunity.40. Olderpeopledonotadaptaswellasyoungeragegroupswhentheyrelocatetoanewenvironment.False.Whilesomeolderpeoplemayexperienceaperiodofprolongedadjustment,thereisnoevidencethatthereisspecialharmfulnessinelderlyrelocation.Studiesofcommunityresidentsandofinstitutionalmovershavefoundanapproximatelynormaldistributionofoutcomes--somepositive,somenegative,mostlyneutralormixedandsmallindegree.For

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/15manyrelocationbringsabetterfitbetweenpersonalneedsandthedemandsofthephysicalandsocialenvironment.Researchgenerallyhasdemonstratedthatadjustmenttoresidentialrelocationisdetermined,atleastinpart,byperceivedpredictabilityandcontrollabilityandbythesimilaritybetweentheoriginatingandreceivingenvironments.41. Participationinvolunteeringthroughorganizations(e.g.,churchesandclubs)tendstodeclineamongolderadults.False.AccordingtotheBureauofLaborStatistics,olderadultsdevotemanymorehourstovolunteeringactivitiesthanmiddle-agedoryoungeradults,althoughthereisasignificantdropoffafterage80.Personswhohavehigherlevelsofeducation,higherincome,workpart-time,aremarried,haveaspousewhovolunteers,haveahistoryofvolunteerism,andparticipateinareligiousorganization(sincethisisoftenthelocationofvolunteeractivities)aremorelikelytovolunteerinlaterlife.Researchshowsvolunteerismtobecorrelatedwithimprovedself-reportsofhealth,increasedphysicalfunction,bettercognitivefunction,reduceddepressivesymptoms,andlongerlives.42. Olderpeoplearemuchhappieriftheyareallowedtodisengagefromsociety.False.Thisviewisbaseduponanearlytheorycalled"disengagementtheory"whichsaidthatitisnormalandexpectablethattheolderpersonandsocietywithdrawfromeachothersoastominimizethedisruptioncausedbytheolderperson'sdeath.Althoughmanypeopleobviouslydoscalebackcertainactivities,particularlyifhealthdeteriorates,thereissubstantialevidencethatmanywhoremainactiveandengaged(whetherinsocial,family,orcivicactivities)havehigherlevelsoffunctionandhappiness.Formanystayinginvolvedphysically,cognitively,socially,andspirituallyinthesocialgroupisabasisforhappiness.43. GeriatricsisaspecialtyinAmericanmedicine.True.Geriatricsreferstotheclinicalaspectsofagingandthecomprehensivehealthcareofolderpersons.Geriatricsreferstotheclinicalaspectsofagingandthecomprehensivehealthcareofolderpersons.Studyofgeriatricsactuallybeganintheearly1900s,althoughformaltrainingingeriatricsismuchmorerece nt(theAme ricanGeriatrics Societywasfoundedin194 2).Physicianswhohavecompletedresidenciesinfamilymedicineorinternalmedicinecandoa12 -monthGeriatricMed icineFellowship(accred itedbytheAccreditationCo uncilforGraduateMedicalEducati on).Thosewhoare trainedinFamilyMedicinereceiveaCertificateofAddedQualific ations(CAQ )inGeriatricMedic ineuponcompletionofacertificationorrecertificationexam,whereasthoseinInternalMedicinetakingthisexamaredesignatedasadiplomateinGeriatricMedicinebytheAmericanBoardofInternalMedicine.TheAmericanBoardofPsychiatryandNeurologyalsomaintainsacertificationprogramforthosespecializingingeriatricpsychiatryfollowingaone-yearfellowshipandexam.

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/1644. Allmedicalschoolsnowrequirestudentstotakecoursesingeriatricsandgerontology.False.Asof2010lessthanhalf(41%)ofmedicalschoolshadastructuredgeriatricscurriculum.In2008theAssociationofAmericanMedicalColleges(AAMC)andtheJohnA.HartfordFoundationdevelopedandpublishedasetof26competenciesineightgeneralcategories(medicationmanagement;cognitiveandbehavioraldisorders;self-carecapacity;falls,balance,gaitdisorders;healthcareplanningandpromotion;atypicalpresentationofdisease;palliativecare;hospitalcareforelders)thatallmedicalstudentsshouldhaveupongraduation.Individualschoolsweretodeterminehowthesecompetencieswouldbedevelopedandevaluated.BardachandRowles(2012)documentthebarriersforinclusionofgeriatriccontent,aswellasthecriticalneedforgeriatrictraininginrelatedhealthfieldssuchasnursing,dentistry,pharmacy,physicianassistants,physicaltherapy,andcommunicationdisorders.Theseriousnessofthesituationisindicatedbythefactthat27%ofallphysicianofficevisitsarefromolderadults,andotherhealthprofessionsreportstatisticsashighormuchhigher.45. AbuseofolderadultsisnotasignificantproblemintheU.S.False.Unfortunately,wesimplydonotknowforcertainhowmanypeoplearesufferingfromelderabuseandneglect.Itappearsthatfemaleeldersareabusedatahigherratethanmalesandthattheolderoneis,themorelikelyoneistobeabused.Elderabuseisasignificantpublichealthproblem.Eachyear,hundredsofthousandsofadultsovertheageof60areabused,neglected,orfinanciallyexploited.IntheUnitedStatesalone,over500,000olderadultsarebelievedtobeabusedorneglectedeachyear.Thesestatisticsarelikelyanunderestimatebecausemanyvictimsareunableorafraidtotellthepolice,family,orfriendsabouttheviolence.Therearesixtypesofmaltreatmentthatoccuramongpeopleovertheageof60:physicalabuse,sexualabuse,emotionalabuse,neglect,abandonment,andfinancialabuse.Olderadultsmaybereluctanttoreportabusethemselvesbecauseoffearofretaliation,lackofphysicaland/orcognitiveabilitytoreport,orbecausetheydon'twanttogettheabuser(90%ofwhomarefamilymembers)introuble.46. Grandparentstodaytakelessresponsibilityforrearinggrandchildrenthaneverbefore.False.In2011around7.7milliongrandparentswerelivinginhouseholdswiththeirgrandchildren - anincreaseof23%from2000.(U.S.Censusdatasuggestthatthisincreaseisalong-termtrendatleastsince1970.)Ofthoseapproximately3millionweretheprimarycaregiversfortheirgrandchildren.Inthemajorityoffamiliestherewasalsoaparentpresentevenwhenthegrandparentwastheprimarycaregiver.Higherratesofgrandparentinvolvementincaregivingforgrandchildrenappeartobeassociatedwithhighdivorceandteenpregnancyrates,drugandalcoholaddiction,incarceration,andeconomicdistressofadultchildren.RatesofgrandparentinvolvementinchildrearingarehighestinBlackandAsianfamilies.Therearegrandparent-headedhouseholdsineverysocioeconomicgroup,butchildrenlivingwithagrandmotherandnoparentpresentweremostlikelytobeinpoverty(48%).

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/1747. Olderpersonstakelongertorecoverfromphysicalandpsychologicalstress.True.Olderadultsdoexperiencemultiplelossesoflovedonesandfriends,illness,relocation,retirement,income,changeanddeclineinabilities.Itmaytakeanolderadultlongertoadjusttoamajorchangeorrecoverfromprolongedandintensephysicalandemotionalstress.Therecoveryofanolderbodyfromatraumaticeventmaybedelayedduetoage-relateddecreasesincardiacoutputandheartrate.Peoplewhohavealesseffectiveimmunesystemaremorevulnerabletodisease.However,themanyolderadultswhohavedevelopedactiveandhealthylifestylesmaybeabletoresist/mitigatesomeofthenegativeeffectsofstressorillnessduetotheirphysiologicalfitness.Likewise,copingskillsthathavebeenhonedduringalifetimemaylessenthedamageofpsychologicalstressesandeaseadjustmentstolossandchange.48. Mostolderadultsconsidertheirhealthtobegoodorexcellent.True.Themajorityofolderadultsconsidertheirhealthtobeexcellent,verygood,orgood.Overall,mostpeopleoverage65stillratetheirhealthpositively.However,thereisapatternwherebynon-HispanicWhitestypicallyexhibitahigherhealthself-ratingthannon-HispanicBlacksorHispanics.Olderpeoplemakementaladjustmentsintheirreferencepointofjudgingtheirownhealthandwilltypicallyseethemselvesasmorehealthythantheyhadoriginallyexpectedfortheirage - or,comparedtootherstheirsameage.Additionally,olderadultsaredealingwithmorechronicconditionsthatdevelopgradually,sotheyhavehadtoadaptandcompensateforthemoveraperiodoftime.Oftentimes,manyofthesechronicconditionsdonotcompromisetheireverydayfunctioningtoahighdegree,sotheytendtothinkoftheirsituationasbeingmanageableandlookatthemselvesasbeinghealthierthanayoungerpersonmightviewthem.49. Olderfemalesexhibitbetterhealthcarepracticesthanoldermales.True.Ingeneralwomenthroughoutadulthoodaremorelikelytoattendtominorsymptomsthanaremen.Menaremorelikelytohavebeensocializedevenaschildrentobestoical,andconsequentlyarelesslikelytoseeadoctorforhealthproblemsuntiltheybecomeclearlysymptomatic.Whentheydogetsick,theyarelikelytohavemoreandlongerhospitalvisits.Women,ontheotherhand,aremorelikelytohavehadregularcontactwiththehealthcaresystemthroughchildbirth,attendingtotheirchildren'shealth,andhavingregularscreeningproceduresforcervicalandbreastcancer.Althoughwomenreportmorechronicconditionsthanmeninlaterlife,theseverityoftheirproblemstendstobelessthanthatofsameagemen,probablyduetoearlierhealthcareinterventions--hencethephrase"womengetsicker,butmendiequicker."

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/1850. Researchhasshownthatoldagetrulybeginsat65.False.Oldageisasocialconstruct.Meanings,definitions,andexperiencesofagingvaryacrossculturesandthroughouthistory.Whatpeopleconsidertobe"old"haschangedsignificantlyjustwithinthepast100yearsintheU.S.aspeoplelivelongerandhealthier.Beingidentifiedas"old"isrelatednotonlytochronologicalage,butalsotohealth,functionalability,socialroles,andself-perception.Age65isanarbitrarymarkerthathasbeenassociatedwitheligibilityforgovernmentalprogramssuchasSocialSecurityandMedicare(althoughtheageofeligibilityforSocialSecurityisgraduallybeingraisedto67by2027)

Breytspraak,L.&Badura,L.(2015).FactsonAgingQuiz(revised;basedonPalmore(1977;1981)).http://info.umkc.edu/aging/quiz/19GeneralreferencesAldwin,C.M.&Gilmer,D.F.(2013).Health,illness,andoptimalaging:Biologicalandpsychosocialperspectives(2nded.).NewYork,NY:Springer.Atchley,R.C.&Barusch,A.S.(2003).Socialforcesandaging:Anintroductiontosocialgerontology(10thed.).Boston,MA:CengageLearning.Ebersole,P.,Hess,P.,Touhy,T.,&Jett,K.(2005).Gerontologicalnursing&healthyaging(2nded.).St.Louis,MO:Mosby,Inc.FederalInteragencyForumonAgingRelatedStatistics.(2012).OlderAmericans2012:Keyindicatorsofwell-being.Washington,DC:U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice.Freedman,V.A.&Martin,L.G.(1998).UnderstandingtrendsinfunctionallimitationsamongolderAmericans.AmericanJournalofPublicHealth.88(10),1457-1462.http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.88.10.1457Hooyman,N.R.&Kiyak,H.A.(2007).Socialgerontology:Amultidisciplinaryperspective(8thed.).Boston,MA:AllynandBacon.Maddox,G.L.(ed.).(1995).Theencyclopediaofaging(2nded.).NewYork,NY:Springer.Morgan,L.A.,andKunkel,S.R.(2015).Aging,society,andthelifecourse(5thed.).NewYork,NY:Springer.Palmore,E.(1977).Factsonaging:Ashortquiz.TheGerontologist,17(4),315-320.http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/17.4.315Palmore,E.B.(1981).TheFactsonagingquiz:Parttwo.TheGerontologist,21(4),431-437.http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/21.4.431PewResearchCenter.(2009).GrowingoldinAmerica:Expectationsvs.reality.Retrievedfromhttp://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/Getting-Old-in-America.pdfTouhy,T.A.andJett,K.(2012).Ebersole&Hess'Towardhealthyaging:Humanneedsandnursingresponse(8thed.).St.Louis,MO:Mosby,Inc.Referencescitedinspecificanswers(byquestion#)1. Alzheimer'sAssociation.(2014).2014Alzheimer'sdisease:Factsandfiguresreport.Retrievedfromhttp://www.alz.org/downloads/facts_figures_2014.pdf8.CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.(2015).HIVamongpeopleaged50andover.Retrievedfromhttp://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/age/olderamericans/index.html