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Not for distributionNon-Governmental Organizations and Development Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are high-prole actors in the eld of international development, both as providers of services to vulnerable individuals and communities and as campaigning policy advocates. This book provides a critical introduction to the wide-ranging topic of NGOs and development. Written by two authors with more than 20 years' experience each of research and practice in the eld, the book combines a critical overview of the main research literature with a set of up-to-date theoretical and practical insights drawn from experience in Asia, Europe, Africa and elsewhere. It highlights the importance of NGOs in development, but it also engages fully with the criticisms that the increased prole of NGOs in development now attracts. The text begins with a discussion of the wide diversity of NGOs and their roles, and locates their recent rise to prominence within broader histories of stru ggle as well as within the ideological context of neoliberalism. It then moves on to analyse how interest in NGOs has both reected and informed wider theoretical tre nds and debates within development studies, before analysing NGOs and their practices, using a broad range of short case studies of successful and unsuccessful interventions. The book then moves on to describe the ways in which NGOs are increasingly important in relation to ideas and debates about 'civil society', globalization and the changing ideas and practices of international aid. The book argues that NGOs are now central to development theory and practice and are likely to remain important actors in development in the years to come. In order to appreciate the issues raised by their increasing diversity and complexity, the authors conclude that it is necessary to deploy a historically and theoretically informed perspective. This critical overview will be useful to students of development studies at undergraduate and master's levels, as well as to more general readers and practitioners. The format of the book includes gures, photographs and case studies as well as reader material in the form of summary points and questions.

Despite the

growing importance of the topic, no single short, up-to-date book exists that sets out the main issues in the form of a clearly written, academically-informed text: until now.

David Lewis

teaches in the Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics, where he has specialized in development policy issues in South Asia, with a particular focus on Bangladesh. An anthropologist by background, he is co-author with Katy Gardner of Anthropology, Development and the Postmodern Challenge (Pluto, 1996), and author of

The Management of Non-Governmental Development

Organizations

(Routledge, 2007).

Nazneen Kanji

is director of a research programme on 'quality of life' at the Aga Khan Development Network. She has specialized in gender, livelihoods and social policy, with extensive policy research, consultancy and eld experience in Africa and Asia.

Voucher proofs

Not for distributionRoutledge Perspectives on

Development

Series Editor:

Professor Tony Binns, University of Otago

The Perspectives on Development series will provide an invaluable, up-to-date and refreshing approach to key development issues for academics and students working in the eld of development, in disciplines such as anthropology, economics, geography, international relations, politics and sociology. The series will also be of particular interest to those working in interdisciplinary elds, such as area studies (African, Asian and Latin American studies), development studies, rural and urban studies, travel and tourism. If you would like to submit a book proposal for the series, please contact Tony

Binns on j.a.binns@geography.otago.ac.nz

Published:

David W. Drakakis-Smith

Third World Cities, 2nd edition

Kenneth Lynch

Rural-Urban Interactions in the

Developing World

Nicola Ansell

Children, Youth and Development

Katie Willis

Theories and Practices of Development

Jennifer A. Elliott

An Introduction to Sustainable

Development, 3rd edition

Chris Barrow

Environmental Management and

Development

Janet Henshall Momsen

Gender and DevelopmentRichard Sharpley and David J. TelferTourism and Development

Andrew McGregor

Southeast Asian Development

Cheryl McEwan

Postcolonialism and Development

Andrew Williams and

Roger MacGinty

Con?ict and Development

Andrew Collins

Disaster and Development

David Lewis and Nazneen Kanji

Non-Governmental Organizations and

Development

Voucher proofs

Not for distributionForthcoming:

Jo Beall

Cities and Development

W.T.S. Gould

Population and Development

Janet Henshall Momsen

Gender and Development, 2nd Edition

Clive Agnew and Philip Woodhouse

Water Resources and Development

David Hudson

Global Finance and Development

Michael Tribe, Frederick Nixon and

Andrew Sumner

Economics and Development Studies

Tony Binns and Alan Dixon

Africa: Diversity and DevelopmentTony Binns, Christo Fabricius and Etienne NelLocal Knowledge, Environment and Development

Andrea Cornwall

Participation and Development

Heather Marquette

Politics and Development

E. M. Young

Food and Development

Hazel Barrett

Health and Development

Voucher proofs

Not for distribution

Voucher proofs

Not for distributionNon-Governmental

Organizations and

Development

David Lewis and

Nazneen Kanji

Voucher proofs

Not for distributionFirst published 2009

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa company

© 2009 David Lewis and Nazneen Kanji

Typeset in Times New Roman by

Bookcraft Ltd, Stroud, Gloucestershire

Printed and bound in Great Britain by

[[to come]] All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

Lewis, David, 1960-

Non-governmental organizations and development / David Lewis and Nazneen Kanji. p. cm. - (Routledge perspectives on development)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Non-governmental organizations. I. Kanji, Nazneen. II. Title.

JZ4841.L49 2009

338.9-dc2

22008049965

ISBN 13: 978-0-415-45429-2 (hbk)

ISBN 13: 978-0-415-45430-8 (pbk)

ISBN 13: 978-0-203-87707-4 (ebk)

ISBN 10: 0-415-45429-8 (hbk)

ISBN 10: 0-415-45430-1 (pbk)

ISBN 10: 0-203-87707-1 (ebk)

Voucher proofs

Not for distributionContents

List of gures

viii

List of tables

x

List of boxes

xi

Acknowledgements

xiii

List of abbreviations and acronyms

xiv 1 Introduction: what are non-governmental organizations? 1 2

Understanding NGOs in historical context 24

3

NGOs and development theory 47

4 NGOs and development: from alternative to mainstream? 71 5

NGO roles in contemporary development practice 91

6

NGOs and 'civil society' 121

7

NGOs and globalization 142

8

NGOs and the aid system 164

9

NGOs and international humanitarian action 186

10

Development NGOs in perspective 201

Bibliography

215
Index 229

Voucher proofs

Not for distributionFigures

1.1 BRAC headquarters, Dhaka, Bangladesh (photo:

Ayeleen Ajanee)

4

1.2 Grameen Bank local ofce, Kashimpur,

Bangladesh (photo: Ayeleen Ajanee)

11

1.3 The Terre des Hommes ofce in Coutanou, Benin

(photo: Miranda Armstrong) 14

1.4 NGO fundraising leaets with images showing diff erent

approaches and representations of NGO work 18

2.1 Staff from the Brazilian NGO Artesanato

Solidario visit members of the 'Onca 2'

community in the north-east of Brazil (Piaui

State) in order to identify community members

to undertake income-generation activities, supported by funding from the Federal Tourism

Ministry (photo: Diogo Souto Maior)

27

2.2 Handicraft self-help group member, Karauna,

Uttar Pradesh, India (Photo: Shefali Misra)

30
2.3

The landscapes of many developing countries are

increasingly dotted with NGO signboards, such as these recently seen in rural Mali (photo: Nazneen Kanji) 37
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