[PDF] Academic Freedom: a position paper for the University





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Academic Freedom: a position paper for

the University

Ethics Committee, September 2006

Atque inter silvas Academia quaerere verum1

what I choose it to mean 2 Academic freedom is a widely-used term within academic circles, but less frequently precisely defined. It is generally understood to refer to the freedom to pursue knowledge, through enquiry, debate and teaching, without restriction or interference corresponding academic responsibilities which are often less clearly articulated, but are equally important in any consideration of the concept.

Historical definition

Essentially, academic freedom is rooted in the understanding that the academic enterprise is about the pursuit of knowledge and that knowledge is best pursued through rational and open enquiry. The concept is both historically and culturally contingent. It developed in Western Europe, during the period conventionally known as the Enlightenment, as one consequence of the paradigmatic shift from the religious to the scientific method of analysing phenomena as the basis for the pursuit of knowledge, and remains fundamentally tied to this approach. Mediaeval universities were, in Europe, religious foundations where enquiry operated within known and generally theologically confined boundaries. Answers were, in effect, determined by prior belief and traditional authority. This did not, of course, make the studies less scholarly or intellectually challenging, and it remains the basis for academic study in many other, often highly sophisticated, world cultures. Indeed, in Europe itself the new approach developed largely outside universities, particularly in this country, where the first entirely non-denominational seat of higher education was not founded until 1827, with the University of London. Nevertheless, 20th century academic freedom was predicated upon the reverse of such knowledge from authority.

1 Horace, Epistles bk 2 no 2 1.45

2 Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass, 1872, ch 6

Extensions of meaning

Academics call upon the concept of academic freedom for many different reasons, not all of them legitimate. Academic freedom, for example, is often defined by public, state or institutional freedoms, as for example in the USA, where definitions of academic freedom are extended to include the right of tenure in office. Academic freedom is quite commonly confused with other, more general civil rights, such as freedom of speech, which obscures its intellectual basis. Again, it has been claimed as the right to articulate, without contradiction, a set of beliefs, or even to impose these beliefs upon others.

Social definition

The US Supreme Court has ruled that academic freedom is the freedom for a be taught, how it should be taught, and who may be admit3. This definition is rooted in the concept of institutional autonomy and the right of each choice should be on academic grounds, which might be seen to put some constraint upon, for example, faith or ideologically-based foundations. It does not, however, explicitly encompass the freedom that academics might expect to enjoy within their institution, that is the freedoms which institutions allow their academics and their students to pursue different lines of enquiry. More fundamentally, this approach, while including what might be called political and civil freedoms, does not engage with the intellectual rationale which underpins the concept. It is, therefore, limited and secondary.

Academic freedom and free speech

That quintessential figure of the Enlightenment, Voltaire, has been famously ULJKWWRVD\LWquotesdbs_dbs11.pdfusesText_17
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