MATERIALS SELECTION MECHANICAL DESIGN PDF

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MATERIALS SELECTION

MECHANICAL DESIGN

SECOND EDITION

MICHAEL F. ASHBY

Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, England OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI IN

SECOND EDITION

MICHAEL F. ASH BY

Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, England OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEWDELHI Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford

OX2 8DP

225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA

0 180 1-204 1

A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd -& A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group

First published by Pergamon Press Ltd 1992

Reprinted with corrections 1993

Reprinted 1995, 1996, 1997

Second edition 1999

Reprinted 2000 (twice)

0 Michael F. Ashby 1999

All rights reserved. No part of this publication

may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright

Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms

of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd.

90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W 1 P OLP.

Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN

0 7506 4357 9

Typeset by Laser Words, Madras, India

Printed

in Great Britain

xi xiii 1 1 1 3 4 6 7 8 8 8 10 11 13 14 18 19

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction and synopsis

1.2 Materials in design

1.3 1.4

1.5 Summary and conclusions

1.6 Further reading The evolution

of engineering materials

The evolution

of materials in vacuum cleaners

2 The design process

2.1 Introduction and synopsis

2.2 The design process

2.3 Types

of design 2.4 2.5 2.6

2.7 Summary and conclusions

2.8 Further reading Design tools and materials data

Function, material, shape and process

Devices to

open corked bottles

3 Engineering materials and their properties 20

20 3. I Introduction and synopsis 20 3.2 22 3.3 31 3.4 Summary and conclusions 3.5 Further reading 31 32

4.1 Introduction and synopsis 32

4.2 Displaying material properties 32

4.3 The material property charts 63 4.4 Summary and conclusions 4.5 Further reading 64 The classes

of engineering material

The definitions

of material properties

4 Materials selection charts

vi Contents

5 Materials selection - the basics

5.1 Introduction and synopsis

5.2 The selection strategy

5.3

5.4 The selection procedure

5.5 The structural index

5.6 Summary and conclusions

5.7 Further reading Deriving property limits and material indices

6 Materials selection - case studies

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23

6.24 Introduction and synopsis

Materials for oars

Mirrors for large telescopes

Materials for table legs

Cost - structural materials for buildings

Materials for flywheels

Materials for high-flow fans

Golf-ball print heads

Materials for springs

Elastic hinges

Materials for seals

Diaphragms for pressure actuators

Knife edges and pivots

Deflection-limited design with brittle polymers

Safe pressure vessels

Stiff, high damping materials for shaker tables

Insulation for short-term isothermal containers

Energy-efficient kiln walls

Materials for passive solar heating

Materials to minimize thermal distortion in precision devices

Ceramic valves for taps

Nylon bearings for ships' rudders

Summary and conclusions

Material limits for shape factors

Material indices which include shape

The microscopic or micro-structural shape factor

Appendix: geometric constraints and associated shape factors 65
65
65
69
77
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83
83
85
85
85
89
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105
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188
190
190

Contents vii

8 Shape - case studies

8.1 Introduction and synopsis

8.2 Spars for man-powered planes

8.3 Forks for a racing bicycle

8.4 Floor joists: wood or steel?

8.5 Increasing the stiffness of steel sheet

8.6 Ultra-efficient springs

8.7 Summary and conclusions

Multiple constraints and compound objectives

9.1 Introduction and synopsis

9.2

9.3 The method of weight-factors

9.4 Methods employing fuzzy logic

9.5 9.6

9.7 Summary and conclusions

9.8 Further reading Selection by successive application of property limits and indices

Systematic methods for multiple constraints

Compound objectives, exchange constants and value-functions

10 Case studies: multiple constraints and compound objectives

10.1 Introduction and synopsis

10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5

10.6 Summary and conclusions Multiple constraints

- con-rods for high-performance engines

Multiple constraints

- windings for high field magnets

Compound objectives

- materials for insulation

Compound objectives

- disposable coffee cups

11 Materials processing and design

1 1.1 Introduction and synopsis

11.2

1 1.3 Process attributes

1 1.4 Systematic process selection

1 1.5

11.6 Ranking: process cost

1 1.7 Supporting information

11.8 Summary and conclusions

11.9 Further reading Processes and their influence on design

Screening: process selection diagrams

12 Case studies: process selection

12.1 Introduction and synopsis

12.2 Forming

a fan

12.3 Fabricating

a pressure vessel 12.4

12.5 Forming ceramic tap valves

12.6 Economical casting

12.7 Forming

a silicon nitride micro-beam

Computer-based selection

- a manifold jacket 194
194
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209
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226
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[PDF] MATERIALS SELECTION MECHANICAL DESIGN

Know Your Children's Book

Picture Book Design Elements

Children's Book Layout Options

Creating A Children's Book Template

MATERIALS SELECTION

MECHANICAL DESIGN

SECOND EDITION

MICHAEL F. ASHBY

SECOND EDITION

MICHAEL F. ASH BY

OX2 8DP

225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA

0 180 1-204 1

First published by Pergamon Press Ltd 1992

Reprinted with corrections 1993

Reprinted 1995, 1996, 1997

Second edition 1999

Reprinted 2000 (twice)

0 Michael F. Ashby 1999

All rights reserved. No part of this publication

Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms

90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W 1 P OLP.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

0 7506 4357 9

Typeset by Laser Words, Madras, India

Printed

Contents

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction and synopsis

1.2 Materials in design

1.5 Summary and conclusions

1.6 Further reading The evolution

The evolution

2 The design process

2.1 Introduction and synopsis

2.2 The design process

2.3 Types

2.7 Summary and conclusions

2.8 Further reading Design tools and materials data

Function, material, shape and process

Devices to

3 Engineering materials and their properties 20

4.1 Introduction and synopsis 32

4.2 Displaying material properties 32

4.3 The material property charts 63 4.4 Summary and conclusions 4.5 Further reading 64 The classes

The definitions

4 Materials selection charts

5 Materials selection - the basics

5.1 Introduction and synopsis

5.2 The selection strategy

5.4 The selection procedure

5.5 The structural index

5.6 Summary and conclusions

5.7 Further reading Deriving property limits and material indices

6 Materials selection - case studies

6.24 Introduction and synopsis

Materials for oars

Mirrors for large telescopes

Materials for table legs

Materials for flywheels

Materials for high-flow fans

Golf-ball print heads

Materials for springs

Elastic hinges

Materials for seals

Diaphragms for pressure actuators

Knife edges and pivots

Deflection-limited design with brittle polymers

Safe pressure vessels

Stiff, high damping materials for shaker tables

Insulation for short-term isothermal containers

Energy-efficient kiln walls

Materials for passive solar heating

Ceramic valves for taps

Nylon bearings for ships' rudders

Summary and conclusions

Further reading