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Insight Report

Klaus Schwab, World Economic Forum

The Global

Competitiveness Report

2019

Insight Report

The Global

Competitiveness Report

2019

Professor Klaus Schwab

World Economic Forum

Editor

TERMS OF USE AND DISCLAIMER

The analysis presented in the Global Competitiveness Report 2019 (herein: "Report") is based on a methodology integrating the latest statistics from international organizations and a survey of executives. The methodology, developed in collaboration with leading experts and practitioners through a three-year consultative process, is designed to support countries to identify relevant policies and practices. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Economic Forum. The Report presents information and data that were compiled and/or collected by the World Economic Forum (all information and data referred herein as "Data"). Data in this Report is subject to change without notice. The terms country and nation as used in this Report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice. The terms cover well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis. Although the World Economic Forum takes every reasonable step to ensure that the Data thus compiled and/or collected is accurately reflected in this Report, the World Economic Forum, its agents, officers, and employees: (i) provide the Data "as is, as available" and without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including, without limitation, warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement; (ii) make no representations, express or implied, as to the accuracy of the Data contained in this Report or its suitability for any particular purpose; (iii) accept no liabili ty for any use of the said Data or reliance placed on it, in particular, for any interpretation, decisions, or actions based on the Data in this Report. Other parties may have ownership interests in some of the Data contained in this Report. The World Economic Forum in no way represents or warrants that it owns or controls all rights in all Data, and the World Economic Forum will not be liable to users for any claims brought against users by third parties in connection with their use of any Data. The World Economic Forum, its agents, officers, and employees do not endorse or in any respect warrant any third-party products or services by virtue of any Data, material, or content referred to or included in this Report. Users shall not infringe upon the integrity of the Data and in particular shall refrain from any act of alteration of the Data that intentionally affects its nature or accuracy. If the Data is materially transformed by the user, this must be stated explicitly along with the required source citation. For Data compiled by parties other than the World Economic Forum, as specified in Appendix A of this Report, users must refer to these parties' terms of use, in particular concerning the attribution, distribution, and reproduction of the Data. When Data for which the World Economic Forum is the source (herein "World Economic Forum"), as specified in Appendix A of this Report, is distributed or reproduced, it must appear accurately and be attributed to the World Economic Forum. This source attribution requirement is attached to any use of Data, whether obtained directly from the World Economic Forum or from a user. Users who make World Economic Forum Data available to other users through any type of distribution or download environment agree to make reasonable efforts to communicate and promote compliance by their end users with these terms. Users who intend to sell World Economic Forum Data as part of a database or as a standalone product must first obtain the permission from the World Economic Forum (gcp@weforum.org).World Economic Forum91-93 route de la Capite

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The Report and an interactive data platform are available at www.weforum.org/gcr.

The Global Competitiveness Report 2019 | iii

Preface v

by Klaus Schwab

Executive Summary vii

At a Glance:

The Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 2019 Rankings xiii

Chapter 1:

Global Findings 1

Chapter 2:

Regional and Country Analysis 11

Chapter 3:

Competitiveness, Equality and Sustainability - The Way Forward 23

Economy Profiles 41

How to Read the Economy Profiles 43

Index of Economy Profiles 45

Economy Profiles 46

Appendix A: Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 Methodology and Technical Notes 611

Appendix B:

The Executive Opinion Survey: 633

The Voice of the Business Community

Contributors and Acknowledgements 641

Partner Institutes 643

Contents

The Global Competitiveness Report 2019 | v

Globalization and the Fourth Industrial Revolution have created new opportunities but also disruption and polarization within and between economies and societies. In this context, the World Economic Forum introduced last year the new Global Competitiveness

Index 4.0, a much-needed new economic compass,

building on 40 years of experience of benchmarking the drivers of long-term competitiveness. The index is an annual yardstick for policy-makers to lo ok beyond short-term and reactionary measures and to instead assess their progress against the full set of factors that determine productivity. These are organized into 12 pillars: Institutions; Infrastructure; ICT adoption; Macroeconomic stability; Health; Skills;

Product market; Labour market; Financial system;

Market size; Business dynamism; and Innovation

capability. The results of the GCI 4.0 in 2019 reveal that, on average, most economies continue to be far from the competitiveness “frontier" - the aggregate ideal across all factors of competitiveness. Performance is also mixed across the 12 pillars of the index. The report demonstrates that 10 years on from the financial crisis, while central banks have injected nearly 10 trillion dollars into the global economy, productivity-enhancing investments such as new infrastructure, R&D and skills development in the current and future workforce have been suboptimal. As monetary policies begin to run out of steam, it is crucial for economies to rely on fiscal policy, structural reforms and public incentives to allocate more resources towards the full range of factors of productivity to fully leverage the new opportunities provided by the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The report also looks to the future, specifically the two defining issues of the next decade - building shared prosperity and managing the transition to a sustainable economy - and poses the question of their compatibility with competitiveness and growth. There is already a clear moral case for a focus on the environment and on inequality. The report demonstrates that there are no inherent trade-offs between economic growth and social and environmental factors if we adopt a holistic and longer-term approach. While few economies are currently pursuing such an approach, it has become imperative for all economies to develop new inclusive and sustainable pathways to economic growth if we are to meet the . Bold leadership and proactive policy-making will be necessary, often in areas w here e conomists a nd p ublic po licy p r ofessionals cannot provide evidence from the past. The report showcases the most promising emerging pathways, policies and incentives by identifying “win-win" spaces, but also points to the choices and decisions that leaders must make in sequencing the journey towards the three objectives o f g rowth, i nclusion a nd s ustainability. At the

World Economic Forum"s Platform for

Shaping

the Future of the New Economy and Society, the home of The Global Competitiveness Report, over 200 leaders from business, government and civil society work together to deepen their understanding of complex issues, shape new models and standards and drive scalable, collaborative ac tion for systemic change on three deeply interconnected areas: growth and competitiveness; education, skills and work; and equality and inclusion. By combining insight, models and action the

Platform serves as an accelerator for emerging

solutions, pilots and partnerships. We invite leaders to join us to co-shape new solutions to the challenges highlighted in this report, working together with the urgency and ambition that the current context demands of us. I want to express my gratitude to the core project team involved in the production of this report: Sophie

Brown,

Roberto Crotti, Thierry Geiger, Guillaume Hingel,

Saadia

Zahidi and other colleagues from the Platform for

Shaping

the Future of the New Economy and Society. My deep gratitude goes to Professor Xavier Sala-i- Martin for his guidance and to the experts, practitioners and governments who were consulted. Finally, we thank the 141 Partner Institutes, which help administer the Executive

Opinion Survey, whose results provide

invaluable data for the GCI 4.0 and other benchmarks. The

Global Competitiveness Rep ort is designed

to help policy-makers, busine ss leaders and other stakeholders shape their economic strategies in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. We hope it will a lso serve as a call to action to engage in the visionary and bold leadership required to build a new economic agenda for growing, sustainable and inclusive economies that provide opportunity for all.

Preface

KLAUS SCHWAB

Founder and Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2019 | vii A

country"s performance on the overall GCI r esults as well as each of its components is reported a s a ‘progress score" on a 0-to-100 scale, where 100 represents the ‘frontier", an ideal state where an issue ceases to be a constraint to productivity growth. Each c ountry should aim to move closer to the frontier on each c omponent of the index. The

GCI 4.0 allows economies

t o monitor progress over time. This approach emphasizes t hat competitiveness is not a zero-sum game between c ountries—it is achievable for all countries.

Global

Fi n dings and Implications

Enhancing

competitiveness is still key for improving living standards

Sustained economic

growth remains a critical pathway out of poverty and a core driver of human development. In fact, there is overwhelming evidence that growth has been the most effective way to lift people out of poverty and improve their quality of life. For least-developed countries (LDCs) and emerging countries, economic growth is critical for expanding education, health, nutrition and survival across populations. With a decade left, the world is not on track to meet most of the 17

United

Nations" Sustainable Development Goals by the

deadline of 2030. On Goal 8

LDCs have consistently missed the target of 7%

growth since 2015. Extreme poverty reduction is decelerating. At current pace, it is estimated that by 2030 the rate will stand at about twice the 3% target set in Goal 1. As of 2015, 46% of the world"s population struggled to meet basic needs.quotesdbs_dbs22.pdfusesText_28

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