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5G PPP Architecture Working Group

View on 5G Architecture

Version 3.0, February 2020

Date: 2020-02-14 Version: 3.0

DOI 10.5281/zenodo.3265031

URL http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3265031

5GPPP Architecture Working Group 5G Architecture White Paper

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The 5G Architecture Working Group as part of the 5G PPP Initiative is looking at capturing novel trends and key technological enablers for the realization of the 5G architecture. It also targets at presenting in a harmonized way the architectural concepts developed in various projects and initiatives (not limited to 5G PPP projects only) so as to provide a consolidated view on the technical directions for the architecture design in the 5G era. The first version of the white paper was released in July 2016, which captured novel trends and key technological enablers for the realization of the 5G architecture vision along with harmonized architectural concepts from 5G PPP Phase 1 projects and initiatives. Capitalizing on the architectural vision and framework set by the first version of the white paper, the Version 2.0 of the white paper was released in January 2018 and presented the latest findings and analyses of 5G PPP Phase I projects along with the concept evaluations. The work has continued with the 5G PPP Phase II and Phase III projects with special focus on understanding the requirements from vertical industries involved in the projects and then driving the required enhancements of the 5G Architecture able to meet their requirements. The results of the Working Group are now captured in this Version 3.0, which presents the consolidated

European view on the architecture design.

5GPPP Architecture Working Group 5G Architecture White Paper

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1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 25

2 Overall architecture ............................................................................................................ 26

2.1 Stakeholder roles in the 5G ecosystem ........................................................................ 26

2.2 5G Enhanced Overall System Architecture ................................................................. 27

2.3 E2E Service Operations Lifecycle Management ...................................................... 29

2.4 Domain Management & Orchestration ........................................................................ 31

2.4.1 Multi-domain management ..................................................................................... 31

2.4.2 Application-aware orchestration ............................................................................. 32

2.4.3 Service-specific extensions of ETSI NFV MANO ................................................. 33

2.5 Programmable Networks ............................................................................................. 33

2.5.1 Data plane programmability ................................................................................... 34

2.5.2 Transport network programmability ....................................................................... 35

2.5.3 Network function programmability in RAN ........................................................... 36

2.6 Vertical-specific architecture extensions ..................................................................... 37

2.6.1 Extensions for energy utilities ................................................................................ 37

2.6.2 Extensions for vehicular communications .............................................................. 38

2.6.3 Extensions for enhanced content delivery .............................................................. 39

2.6.4 Extensions for media production and delivery ....................................................... 40

2.7 References .................................................................................................................... 41

3 Radio & Edge Architecture ............................................................................................... 43

3.1 Overall RAN Architecture ........................................................................................... 43

3.1.1 Centralized-Distributed-Radio Units split and Control-User Planes separation ..... 44

3.2 Protocol Extensions for Vertical Support .................................................................... 45

3.2.1 RAN Part of Network Slicing ................................................................................. 45

3.2.1.1 Fundamental Slicing Support in RAN ............................................................... 45

3.2.1.2 Wi-Fi virtualization and slicing ......................................................................... 46

3.2.2 RAN Analytics ....................................................................................................... 48

3.2.3 Virtualized Small Cell (Cloud-enabled small cell) at the Light Data Centre ......... 49

3.2.4 Multi-access Edge Computing & Energy Efficient Radio Access Networks ......... 51

3.2.5 Multi-link Cooperation ........................................................................................... 53

3.2.6 Local end-to-end Path ............................................................................................. 55

3.2.7 Multicast and Broadcast in RAN ............................................................................ 56

3.2.8 Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) ............................................................................. 59

3.3 RAN Architecture Implementation .............................................................................. 63

3.3.1 RAN Deployment Options ..................................................................................... 63

3.3.2 Visible Light Communication-based gNB ............................................................. 65

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3.3.3 Lower Layer Split and Implementation .................................................................. 68

3.3.3.1 Baseband processing in active antenna distributed unit .................................... 68

3.3.3.2 Optical Beamforming ........................................................................................ 69

3.4 Edge Architecture ........................................................................................................ 73

3.4.1 XMEC: extension of edge computing functionalities ............................................. 73

3.5 References .................................................................................................................... 74

4 Core & Transport Architecture ........................................................................................ 76

4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 76

4.2 Core Network Architecture .......................................................................................... 76

4.2.1 Multicast and Broadcast ......................................................................................... 77

4.2.2 Analytics Framework.............................................................................................. 79

4.2.2.1 Data Analytics Characterization ........................................................................ 80

4.2.2.2 Integrated Analytics Architecture ...................................................................... 81

4.3 Transport network Infrastructure ................................................................................. 83

4.3.1 Wireline technologies ............................................................................................. 83

4.3.1.1 Programmable Elastic frame-based Optical Transport ...................................... 83

4.3.1.2 Ethernet Transport ............................................................................................. 85

4.3.1.3 Programmable Metro Network - Disaggregated Edge Node ............................. 87

4.3.1.4 Space Division Multiplexing ............................................................................. 88

4.3.2 Wireless .................................................................................................................. 90

4.3.2.1 Millimeter wave (mmWave) ............................................................................. 91

4.3.2.2 Multi-tenant small cells with IAB ..................................................................... 92

4.3.2.3 Satellite Backhaul .............................................................................................. 95

4.3.3 Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) PtMP ................................................................................... 97

4.4 Examples of data plane programmability .................................................................. 100

4.4.1 Programmable Data Plane .................................................................................... 100

4.4.2 Stateful Packet Processing in Hardware ............................................................... 101

4.4.3 Segment routing .................................................................................................... 102

4.5 References .................................................................................................................. 103

5 Management & Orchestration Architecture .................................................................. 106

5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 106

5.2 Starting point: Existing High-level MANO architectures ......................................... 106

5.2.1 ETSI summary ...................................................................................................... 106

5.2.1.1 ETSI NFV & MANO ...................................................................................... 106

5.2.1.2 ETSI ZSM ....................................................................................................... 106

5.2.1.3 ETSI ENI ......................................................................................................... 107

5.2.1.4 ETSI MEC ....................................................................................................... 107

5.2.2 3GPP ..................................................................................................................... 107

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5.2.3 Status and consensus architecture ......................................................................... 108

5.2.3.1 Example aspect: Heterogeneity ....................................................................... 110

5.3 Architecture options beyond the consensus architecture ........................................... 112

5.3.1 Structure of orchestration ..................................................................................... 112

5.3.1.1 Service-type: Integrated or segregated orchestration ...................................... 112

5.3.1.2 Flat vs. hierarchical orchestration .................................................................... 113

5.3.1.3 Orchestration vs. slicing .................................................................................. 114

5.3.1.4 Abstractions and their violations ..................................................................... 115

5.3.1.5 Conflict resolution ........................................................................................... 116

5.3.1.6 Time scales ...................................................................................................... 116

5.3.1.7 Technologies.................................................................................................... 117

5.3.2 Implementation patterns for MANO frameworks ................................................ 118

5.3.3 Algorithmic building blocks ................................................................................. 119

5.3.3.1 Example building blocks ................................................................................. 119

5.3.3.2 Realizations, MAPE-K example...................................................................... 120

5.3.4 Description mappings ........................................................................................... 121

5.3.4.1 Horizontal mapping ......................................................................................... 121

5.3.4.2 Vertical mapping ............................................................................................. 122

5.3.5 Monitoring aspects in Orchestration ..................................................................... 122

5.4 DevOps meets Orchestration ..................................................................................... 123

5.4.1 Development time: SDKs ..................................................................................... 123

5.4.2 Need for validation tools ...................................................................................... 124

5.4.3 Need for evaluation tools ...................................................................................... 124

5.5 References .................................................................................................................. 125

6 Deployment, Evaluations & Analyses ............................................................................. 127

6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 127

6.1.1 Performance KPIs ................................................................................................. 127

6.1.2 Types of evaluation and usability of KPIs ............................................................ 128

6.1.3 Approach/options to generation of KPIs .............................................................. 129

6.1.4 Architecture instantiations .................................................................................... 130

6.2 Management and orchestration .................................................................................. 134

6.3 Verification and Validation System ........................................................................... 136

6.4 Emulation Framework ............................................................................................... 137

6.5 References .................................................................................................................. 138

7 Impact on standardization ............................................................................................... 139

7.1 Brief profile of targeted SDOs ................................................................................... 139

7.1.1 3GPP ..................................................................................................................... 139

7.1.2 ETSI ...................................................................................................................... 140

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7.1.3 ITU........................................................................................................................ 140

7.1.4 IETF ...................................................................................................................... 141

7.1.5 Other SDOs ........................................................................................................... 141

7.2 Standards impact by 5G PPP Phase 2 projects .......................................................... 142

7.2.1 Contributions related to overall architectures ....................................................... 143

7.2.2 Contributions related to radio and edge architectures .......................................... 144

7.2.3 Contributions related to core and transport architectures ..................................... 145

7.2.4 Contributions related to management and orchestration architectures ................. 146

7.3 Fostering Standardization via 5G PPP ....................................................................... 147

7.4 References .................................................................................................................. 147

8 Conclusions and Outlook ................................................................................................. 149

9 Glossary ............................................................................................................................. 152

9.1 General Terms ........................................................................................................... 152

9.2 Network function virtualization related ..................................................................... 152

9.3 Network slice related ................................................................................................. 154

9.4 Vertical service related .............................................................................................. 154

9.5 Multi-access edge computing related ........................................................................ 155

9.6 Business logic/stakeholder related ............................................................................. 156

9.7 DevOps-related terms and roles ................................................................................. 156

9.8 Specific terms ............................................................................................................ 159

9.9 References .................................................................................................................. 161

10 List of Contributors .......................................................................................................... 164

11 List of 5G PPP Phase 2 Contributions to Standards ..................................................... 169

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3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

3GPP-CT1 3GPP TSG-CT WG1 MM/CC/SM (lu)

3GPP-CT3 3GPP TSG-CT WG3 Interworking with external networks

3GPP-CT4 3GPP TSG-CT WG4 MAP/GTP / BCH/SS

3GPP-RAN1 3GPP TSG-RAN WG1 Radio Layer 1

3GPP-RAN2 3GPP TSG-RAN WG2 Radio Layer 2 and Radio Layer 3 RR

3GPP-RAN3 3GPP TSG-RAN WG3 lu, lub, lur, S1, X2 and UTRAN/E-UTRAN

3GPP-SA1 3GPP TSG-SA WG1 Services

3GPP-SA2 3GPP TSG-SA WG2 Architecture

3GPP-SA3 3GPP TSG-SA WG3 Security

3GPP-SA4 3GPP TSG-SA WG4 Codec

3GPP-SA5 3GPP TSG-SA WG5 Telecom Management

3GPP-SA6 3GPP TSG-SA WG6 Mission-critical applications

5GAA 5G Automotive Association

5G-ACIA 5G Alliance for Connected Industries and Automation

5G CAR Fifth Generation Communication Automotive Research and innovation

5G City no long form

5G ESSENCE Embedded Network Services for 5G Experiences

5G IA 5G Infrastructure Association

5G TANGO 5G Development and Validation Platform for global Industry specific

Network Services and Apps

5G

TRANSFORMER

5G Mobile Transport Platform for Verticals

5G XCAST Broadcast and Multicast Communication Enablers for the Fifth

Generation of Wireless Systems

5GC 5G Core

5G-MoNArch 5G Mobile Network Architecture for diverse services, use cases, and

applications in 5G and beyond

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5G-PICTURE 5G Programmable Infrastructure Converging disaggregated neTwork and

compUte Resources

5G PPP 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership

5GS 5G System

AADU Active Antenna Distributed Unit

AC All-Connected

ACTN Abstraction and Control of Traffic engineered Networks

AF Application Function

AL-DAF Application Layer Data Analytics Function

AL-FEC Application-Level Forward Erasure Correction

AL-FEC Application Layer FEC

AMF core access and Mobility management Function

AP Access Point

API Application Programming Interface

APP Application

ARoF Analogue Radio over Fibre

ARP Allocations and Retention Priority

ASN Abstract Syntax Notation

BB Baseband

BBU Baseband Unit

BCH Broadcast Channel

BH Backhaul

blueSpace Building on the Use of Spatial Multiplexing 5G Networks Infrastructures and Showcasing Advanced technologies and Networking Capabilities

BoF Birds of a Feather

BS Base Station

BSS Business Support System

CA Carrier Aggregation

CAPEX Capital Expenditure

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CAPIF Common API Framework

CAS Cell Acquisition Subframe

CBR Constant bitrate

CBTR Coding-Building-Testing-Releasing

CC Call Control

CCAMP Common Control and Measurement Plane

CD Continuous Delivery

CESC Cloud Enabled Small Cell

CESCM Cloud Enabled Small Cell Manager

C-ITS Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System

CN Core Network

CO Central Office

CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point

CPRI Common Public Radio Interface

CPU Central Processing Unit

CPU Central Processing Unit

CQI Channel Quality Indicator

CRAN Centralised RAN

cRRM Centralised RRM

CS Cell site

CSAR Cloud Service Archive

CSDPS Coordinated Scheduling and Dynamic Point Selection cSD-RAN centralized Software-Defined Radio Access Network (cSD-RAN) CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance cSON centralised SON

CT Core Network & Terminals

CU Centralised Unit

DAF Data Analytics Function

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DASH Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP

DC Dual Connectivity

DCSP Data Centre Service Provider

DFT Discrete Fourier Transform

DL Downlink

DN Data Network

DN-DAF Data Network Data Analytics Function

DPDK Data Plane Development Kit

DPI Deep Packet Inspection

DR Demand Response

DRAN Distributed RAN

DRB Data Radio Bearer

DRoF Digital Radio over Fibre

dRRM distributed RRM

DSC Digital Service Customer

dSON distributed SON

DSP Digital Service Provider

DU Distributed Unit

DVB Digital Video Broadcasting

DVB TM-IPI DVB Technical Module - Internet Protocol Infrastructure

E2E End-to-End

eCPRI Enhanced CPRI eICIC Enhanced ICIC eMBB enhanced Mobile Broadband eNA Enablers for Network Automation for 5G eNB evolved Node B

ENI Experiential Networked Intelligence

EoMPLS Ethernet over Multi-Protocol Label Switching

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EPC Evolved Packet Core

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute eV2X Enhancement of V2X

EVM Error Vector Magnitude

FaaS Function-as-a-Service

FAPI Functional Application Platform Interface

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

FDT File Description Table

FEC Forward Error Correction

FFS For Further Study

FFT Fast Fourier Transform

FH Fronthaul

FiWi Fiber-Wireless

FlexO-LR Flexible OTN long-reach

FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array

FRASE FEC and ROHC Activation for GCSE over MBMS

FS-eNA Study of enablers for Network Automation for 5G

FSM Function-Specific Manager

GCSE Group Communication System Enablers

GEO Geostationary

GFDM Generalised Frequency Division Multiplexing

GLPK GNU Linear Programming Kit

gNB Next Generation Node B gNB-CU-MC gNB-centralized unit-multicast

GPP General Purpose Platform

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GPU Graphics Processing Unit

G-RNTI Group RNTI

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GST Guaranteed Service Transport

GTP GPRS Tunnelling Protocol

GTP-U GTP-User Plane

GUI Graphical User Interface

HAPS High Altitude Platform Station

HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

HEO Highly Elliptical Orbit

HPHT High-Power High-Tower

HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HW Hardware

IaaS Infrastructure as a Service

IAB Integrated Access and Backhaul

ICIC Inter Cell Interference Coordination

IE Information Element

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IFA Interfaces and Architecture

IFFT Inverse FFT

IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol

IHIPGW Intelligent Home IP Gateway

IIoT Industrial Internet of Things

IMS IP-Multimedia Subsystem

IOC Information Object Class

IoRL Internet of Radio Light

IoT Internet of Things

IRP Integration Reference Point

ISC Intra-Slice Controller

ISD Inter-Site Distance

ISG Industry Specification Group

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ISU Interface Sub-Unit

ITU International Telecommunication Union

ITU-D ITU Development sector

ITU-R International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector ITU-T International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication

Standardization Sector

IWF InterWorking Function

JR Joint Reception

KPI Key Performance Indicator

KPI Key Performance Indicator

LAN Local Area Network

LCM Lifecycle Management

LEO Low Earth Orbit

LLC Logical Link Control

LoA Level of Automation

LPWA Low Power IoT Networking

LS Liaison Specification

LTE Long Term Evolution

LwM2M Lightweight Machine to Machine

M2M Machine-to-Machine

MAC Medium Access Control

MANO Management and Orchestration

MAP Mobile Application Part

MAPE-K Monitor-Analyze-Plan-Execute over shared Knowledge MATILDA A Holistic, Innovative Framework for the Design, Development and Orchestration of 5G-ready Applications and Network Services over

Sliced Programmable Infrastructure

MBB Mobile Broadband

MBMS Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service

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Mbps Megabits per second

MC Multi-Connectivity

MC-PTM Multi-cell point-to-multipoint

MCData Mission Critical Data

MCF Multi-Core Fibre

MCPTT Mission Critical Push To Talk

MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme

MCX Mission Critical Services

MDAF Management and Orchestration Data Analytics Function

MEC Multi-Access Edge Computing

MEF Metro Ethernet Forum

MEO Medium Earth Orbit

METRO-HAUL METRO High bandwidth, 5G Application-aware optical network, with edge storage, compUte and low Latency

MFN Multiple Frequency Network

MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

MM Mobility Management

MME Mobility Management Entity

mMTC massive Machine-Type Communication mmWave Millimetre Wave

MNO Mobile Network Operator

MNO Mobile Network Operator

MOCN Multi-Operator Core Network

M-OTN Mobile-optimized OTN

MPTCP Multipath TCP

MSA Multi-Source Agreement

MTO Multi-Tier Orchestrator

MulteFire no long form

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NAS Non Access Stratum

NAT Network Address Translation

NBI Northbound Interface

NEF Network Exposure Function

NETCONF Network Configuration protocol

NF Network Function

nFAPI network FAPI

NFV Network Functions Virtualization

NFVI Network Function Virtualisation Infrastructure

NFVI NFV Infrastructure

NFV-NSI NFV Network Service Information

NFVO NFV Orchestrator

NGFI Next Generation Fronthaul Interface

NGMN Next Generation Mobile Networks

NGPaaS Next Generation Platform as a Service

NG-RAN Next Generation RAN

NIC Network Interface Card

NLoS Non-Line-of-Sight

NOP Network Operator

NR New Radio

NRE Near Real-time Engine

NRF Network Repository Function

NRG-5 Enabling Smart Energy as a Service via 5G Mobile Network advances

NRM Network Resource Model

NS Network Slice

NSA Non-Standalone

NSaaS Network Slice as a Service

NSD Network Service Descriptor

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NSI Network Slice Instance

NSO Network Service Orchestration

NSSAI Network Slice Selection Assistance Information

NW Network

NTN Non-terrestrial networks

NWDA Network Data Analytics

NWDAF NWDA Function

NWMO Network Management and Orchestration

OAM Operations Administration and Maintenance

OBFN Optical Beam Forming Network

OBSAI Open Base Station Architecture Initiative

ODL Open Daylight

ODN Optical Distribution Network

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

ONF Open Network Foundation

OPEX Operational Expenditure

OPNFV Open Platform for NFV

OS Operating System

OSI Open Systems Interconnection

OSM Open Source MANO

OSNR Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio

OSS Operations Support System

OTDR Optical Time Domain Reflectometer

OTN Optical Transport Network

OTU4 Optical Channel Transport Unit 4

OvS Open virtual Switch

OvSDB Open vSwitch Database

pCR pseudo Change Request

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PCS Physical Coding Sublayer

PDB Packet Delay Budget

PDU Protocol Data Unit

PDV Packet Delay Variation

PER Packet Error Rate

PHY Physical (layer)

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

PM Performance Management

PNF Physical Network Function

PNFM Physical Network Function Manager

PoC Proof of Concept

PON Passive Optical Network

PoP Point-of-Presence

PPP Public Private Partnership

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

PSCE Public Safety Communications Europe

PTM Point-to-Multipoint

PTP Point-to-Point

PTP Precision Time Protocol

PWS Public Warning System

QoE Quality of Experience

QoS Quality of Service

QoS Quality of Service

QUIC no long form

RACH Random Access Channel

RAN Radio Access Network

RAN-DAF Radio Access Network Data Analytics Functionquotesdbs_dbs11.pdfusesText_17

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