[PDF] World Bank Document 30 jun. 2015 Empowering Women

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Morocco

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Morocco

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iii

Acknowledgements

Executive Summary

Chapter 1.

Social and Human Development Country Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Steady Progress in Terms of Poverty Reduction and Human Development Indicators . . . . . . . . . . .1

Women are Particularly Afiected by the Lack of Socio-Economic Progress in Many Areas . . . . . . . .4

Education and Health..........................................................4 Extremely Biased Allocation of Time Within the Household Significantly

Reduces Women's Ability to Control Their Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Subjective Wellbeing and Women's Perceptions of Values in Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

The Role of Women in the Society: Gender Stereotypes and Beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Chapter 2.

Women's Economic Participation............................................13 Women's Economic Empowerment is at an Early Stage, and Female Economic Participation is among the Lowest in the World......................................13 Female LFP and its Evolution .....................................................13 A Profile of Active/Inactive Women...............................................14

Which Factors are Behind Declining Trends in FLFP? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

The Slow Pace of Economic Growth is One of the Main Reasons Behind Low F LFP,

Together with Demographic Factors

.19 Intra-household Dynamics and Agency in Decision Making as Correlates of Female Labor Force Participation....................................22 Policy Implications...........................................................32

Chapter 3.

Economic Growth, Structural Transformation, and Gender Inequality in the Labor Market......................................................37

Structural Transformation and Women in Morocco

....................................37 Women in Employment .........................................................39 Gender Differences in Labor Market Transitions.....................................45 MOROCCO: MIND THE GAP - EMPOWERING WOMEN FOR A MORE OPEN, INCLUSIVE,

AND PROSPEROUS SOCIETYiv

Which Constraints Impede Job Market Opportunities For Women?. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

Chapter 4.

Women and the Law in Morocco: Access to Economic Assets,

Voice and Political Participation

. .57

Legislative Reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Continuing Legislative Inequality . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

Social Norms and Legal Equality

Women's Agency, Legal Equality and Social Norms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Access to Bank Accounts, Credit Cards, and Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Earning and Controlling Income. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

Access to Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Social Security Benefits. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

Marital Property

Marriage . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

Divorce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Child Custody and Child Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Family Books. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

Maternity Leave. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

Violence against Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nationality

Freedom of Movement

Single Mothers. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

Chapter 5.

Conclusions . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .79

Annexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

Education and Health. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

Subjective Well-being. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

TABLE OF CONTENTS

v

Figure 1.1:

Morocco: GDP Per Capita, 1960-2012 (in constant 2005 US$)...............2

Figure 1.2:

Evolution of Poverty and Vulnerability Trends.............................2

Figure 1.3a:

Primary Completion Rate (2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . 3

Figure 1.3b:

Literacy Rates (2012)................................................3

Figure 1.3c:

Adolescent Fertility Rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)................3

Figure 1.3d:

Maternal Mortality Ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births)...........3

Figure 1.4:

Spatial Disparities Remain a Serious Concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 1.5:

Enrollment among Population by Gender, AgeGroup and

Consumption

Per Capita Quintiles in 2007, %............................5

Figure 1.6:

Education Level by Gender and Urban/rural..............................5

Figure 1.7a:

Legacy of Low Enrollment Rates for Primary Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 1.7b:

Combined with High Drop-out Rates

(Female Drop-out Rates, Primary Education) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 1.7c:

Have Led to High Illiteracy Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . 6

Figure 1.7d:

A Large Stock of Uneducated Women (and Men) (millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 1.8:

Extent to Which Women Can Access Medical Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Figure 1.9:

HOI and Coverage Rates for Health Services Related Opportunities, 2007.......8

Figure 1.10:

e Contribution of Circumstances to Opportunities (Shapley Decomposition), 2007........................................8

Figure 1.11:

Life Satisfaction, Happiness, Financial Satisfaction, and Sense of Freedom and Control Over Lives in Morocco Across Genders, 2011..................10

Figure 1.12:

Importance of Di?erent ings in Life in Morocco Across Genders, 2011 ......10

Figure 1.13:

Views on Gender Related Statements Across Men and Women in Morocco, 2011...........................................11

Figure 1.14:

Percent of Population Agreeing with the Statement that Men Should Have a Priority if Jobs are Scarce in Morocco, 2001 and 2011......12

Figure 2.1:

Morocco is Below the U Curve, Given the Level of Income..................14

Figure 2.2:

Female Labor Force Participation by Five-Year Cohorts (World, MENA, Morocco

). .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .15

Figure 2.3a:

Change in FLFP 2000-2010 Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

Figure 2.4a:

Morocco is Not at a Front Runner Even Within the MENA Region...........16

Figure 2.4b:

Female LFP in Morocco Has Not Changed in the Past Two Decades ..........16

Figure 2.4c:

Activity Rates in 2011 by Rural/Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Figure 2.5a:

Labor Force Participation Within Population Aged 15-29 by Education Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Figure 2.5b:

Labor Force Participation Within Population Aged 30-64 by Education Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Figure 2.6:

Education Increases the Likelihood of W

omen

Joining the Labor Force.........17

Figure 2.7a:

Unemployment Rates by Education (Age 15-29) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Figure 2.7b:

Unemployment Rates by Education (Age 30-64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Figure 2.7c:

Length of Unemployment Spells by Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Figure 2.7d:

Long Term Unemployment (More than 12 Months) by

Education and

Figure 2.8:

Probability of Participation by Age Cohort and

Marital

Status (b) (Rural vs Urban) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
MOROCCO: MIND THE GAP - EMPOWERING WOMEN FOR A MORE OPEN, INCLUSIVE,

AND PROSPEROUS SOCIETYvi

s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

vii

List of Tables

MOROCCO: MIND THE GAP - EMPOWERING WOMEN FOR A MORE OPEN, INCLUSIVE,

AND PROSPEROUS SOCIETYviii

List of Boxes

ixALMPs Active Labor Market Policies

ANAPEC

Agence Nationale de Promotion de l'Emploi et

des Compétences CCT

Conditional Cash Transfer

CEDAW Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women CNEF

National Education and Training Charter

CNSS

Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale

CSE

Conseil supérieur de l'enseignement

ENPVEF

Enquête nationale sur la prévalence de la violence à l'égard des femmes EU

European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FDI

Foreign Direct Investment

FGD

Focus Groups Discussions

FLFP

Female Labor Force Participation

FLP

Female Labor Participation

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GNI

Gross National Income

GoM

Government of Morocco

HCP

Haut Commissariat au Plan

HDI

Human Development Index

HDR Human Development ReportHOI Human Opportunity Index ILO

International Labor Organization

ITC

Internet and Telecommunication Services

LFS

Labor Force Survey

LMI

Lower and Middle Income (countries)

MDG

Millennium Development Goal

MdJL

Ministry of Justice and Liberties

MENA

Middle East and North Africa

MHYS

Morocco Household and Youth Survey

MSME

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises

NIHD

National Initiative for Human Development

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PNEA

National Learning Assessment Program

PPP

Purchasing Power Parity

SME

Small and Medium Enterprises

TFR

Total Fertility Rates

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

WB

World Bank

WDI

World Development Indicators

WDR

World Development Report

WTO

World Trade Organization

WVS

World Values Survey

Vice President: Inger Andersen

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