[PDF] Searches related to génie industriel polytechnique montréal filetype:pdf

View - Download Searches related to génie industriel polytechnique montréal filetype:pdf

Previous PDF

Next PDF

Titre:

Title:Concepts et démarche d'évaluation du potentiel de résilience d'une infrastructure essentielle

Auteur:

Author:Yannick Hémond

Date:2013

Type:Mémoire ou thèse / Dissertation or Thesis

Référence:

Citation:Hémond, Y. (2013). Concepts et démarche d'évaluation du potentiel de résilience d'une infrastructure essentielle [Thèse de doctorat, École Polytechnique de Montréal]. PolyPublie. https://publications.polymtl.ca/1109/

Document en libre accès dans PolyPublie

Open Access document in PolyPublie

URL de PolyPublie:

PolyPublie URL:https://publications.polymtl.ca/1109/

Directeurs de

recherche:

Advisors:Benoît Robert

Programme:

Program:Génie industriel

Ce ifichier a été téléchargé à partir de PolyPublie, le dépôt institutionnel de Polytechnique Montréal

This ifile has been downloaded from PolyPublie, the institutional repository of Polytechnique Montréal

https://publications.polymtl.ca

viiifiifiABSTRACTifiCriticalifiinfrastructureifi(CI)ifiareifitheifikeystoneifiofifiaifisocietyÕsifiwellififunctioning.ifiForifioverifi15ifiyears,ifitheirifioperationifiandifitheirifiprotectionifihaveifibeenifitheifisubjectifiofifiseveralifiworksifiandifistudies.ifiInifirecentifiyears,ifithereifihasifibeenifianifievolutionifiinifitheifiresearchesifiregardingifiCIifithatifiledififromifiaifivisionififocusingifionifitheifiprotectionifiofifitheseifiinfrastructuresifitowardsifiaifivisionififocusingifionifitheirifiresilience.ifiResilienceificanifibeifidefinedifiasifitheifiabilityifiofifiaifisystemifitoifimaintainifiorifirestoreifianifiacceptableifilevelifiofifioperationifiorififunctioning.ifiInifitheificaseifiofifiCI,ifiacce ptableifipe rforma nceifiisifiveryifiimportantificonsideringifitheirifiinterdependenciesifiandifitheirifiimportanceififorifitheififunctioningifiofifiallifipartsifiofifitheifisocietyifi(economic,ifisocial,ifihealth,ifienvironment,ifipopulation,ifietc.).ifiThisifithesisifipresentsifianifiapproachifitoifiassessifitheifipotentialifiresilienceifiofifiCI.ifiTheifiobjectiveifiisifitoifiassessifitheifipotentialifiofifiresilienceifiofifiCIifitoifiunderstandifihowifithisificanifiaffectifitheirifiabilityifitoifimaintainifiorifirestoreifianifiacceptabl eifilevel ifiofififunctioning.ifiAnotherifiobjectiveifiofifithisifi processifiisifitoifiensureifii tsificomplementarityifiwithifiotherifimethodsifiofifiassessment.ifiifiTheifiapproachifisuggestedifiinifithisifidocumentifiguidesifimanagersifiofifiCIifiinifitheifielaborationifiofifiportraitsifiofifitheirifisystem,ifithe irifivulnerabilitiesifiandifithe irificapabilities .ifiFromifitheseifiportraits,ifithreeifitypesifiofifievaluationifiareifipossible:ifiaifistateifiofifiknowledgeifiregardingifitheifisystem,ifianifianalysisifiofifitheificoherenceifi(orificonsistency)ifiandifiaifiperformanceifianalysis.ifiifiInifithisifiwork,ifitheificoherenceifianalysisifiisifianifiinnovation.ifiCoherenceifibetweenifitheifidifferentifielementsifiofifitheifiprocessifiisifiessentialifitoifiensureifithatifianifiacceptableifilevelifiofififunctioningifiofifitheifisystemifi(orifiperformance)ifiisifimaintainedifiorifirestored.ifiTheificoherenceifianalysisificanifialsoifibeifiintegratedifiintoifiotherifimethodsifiofifievaluationifiinifiorderifitoifireinforceifitheifiresultsifitheyifiproduce.ifiifiTheififirstifivalidationifiresultsifiofifithisifianalysisifiareificonclusive.ifiWithoutifitheifinotionifiofificoherence,ifiitifibecomesifidifficultifitoifievaluateifitheifipotential ifiofifiresilienceifiofifiaifiCI.ifiTheifi contextifiof ifiinterdependencesifirequiresifithatifidifferent ifielementsifi(actions,ifiplans,ifiprocedures,ifietc.)ifiareificonsistentifibetweenifithemifitoifiavoidifiproblemsifiduringifianifiinterventionifiandifitheifiimplementationifiofifitheseifielements.ifiVariousifiotherifiapplicationsifiareifipossibleififorifithisifiapproach.ifiManyifiorganizationsifioperateifiinifiaificontextifiwithifimanyifiinternalifiinterdependenciesifiorifievolveifiinifianifiinterdependentifienvironment.ifiTheseifitypesifiofifiorganizationsificouldifiapplyifithisifimethodifiinifiorderifitoifireinforceifitheifiassessmentsifitheyifimake.ifi

xivifiifiLISTEifiDESifiANNEXESifiifiANNEXEifi1ifi-ifiHƒMOND,ifiY.,ifi&ifiROBERT,ifiB.ifi(2012).ifiPREPAREDNESSifi:ifiTHEifiSTATEifiOFifiTHEifiARTifiANDifi FUTUREifiPROS PECTS.ifiDISASTERifiPREVENTIONifiANDifi MANAGEMENT,ifi21(4),ifi404Ð417.ifiifiANNEXEifi2ifi-ifiHƒMOND,ifiY.,ifi&ifiROBERT,ifiB.ifi(2012).ifiEVA LUATION ifiOFifiST ATEifiOFifiRESILIENCEifiFORifiAifiCRITICALifiINFRAS TRUCTUREifiINifiA ifiCONTEX TifiOFifiINTERDEPENDENCIES.ifiINTERNATIONALifiJOURNALifiOFifiCRITICALifiINFRASTRUCTURES,ifi8(2/3),ifi95Ð106.ifiifiANNEXEifi3ifi-ifiHƒMOND,ifiY.ifi&ifiROBERT,ifiB.ifi(ACCEPTƒifiPOURifiPUBLICATION ).ifiASSESSMENTifiPROCESSifiOFifiTHEifiRESILIENCEifiP OTENTIALifiOFifiCRITICALifiINFRASTRUCTURES.ifiINTERNATIONALifiJOURNALifiOFifiCRITICALifiINFR ASTRUCTURES.ifiACCEPTƒifiPOURifiPUBLICATION.ifiFƒVRIERifi2013.ifiifiANNEXEifi4ifi-ifiAUTRESifiCONTRIBUTIONSifiSCIENTIFIQUESifiifi

Portraitifides

vulnŽrabilitŽs

Portraitifiduifi

PortraitifidesificapacitŽs

ANALYSEifiDEifi

LAifiCOHƒRENCE

AcceptationPlaniÞcationAnticipation

Connaissance

+,-./0à12-34-56à768/900/:3à

PrŽvention

PrŽparation

PrŽparation

Intervention

PrŽparation

Intervention

RŽtablissement

Ressourcesifiˆifisurveiller

Seuilsifideififonctionnement

MŽcanismesifideifisurveillance

Mesuresifid'attŽnuation/Žvitement

PlaniÞcation

RŽponse

PlaniÞcation

ƒvolutionifiavecifil'environnement

Changementifiorganisationnel

Margeifideifimanoeuvre

Portraitifides

vulnŽrabilitŽs

Portraitifiduifi

PortraitifidesificapacitŽs

ANALYSEifiDEifi

LAifiCOHƒRENCE

AcceptationPlaniÞcationAnticipation

Connaissance

Gestion

courante

ContinuitŽ

Mesures

d'urgence

Connaissanceifi

environnement

TempsRessourcesHabiletŽ

Portrait

Portrait

vulnŽrabilitŽs

Portrait

capacitŽs

67ifiifiDalziell,ifiE.P.ifi&ifiMcManus,ifiS.T.ifi(2004).ifiRes ilience,ifiVul nerabili ty,ifiandifiAdaptiveifiCapacity:ifiImplicationsififorifiSystemifiPerformance.ifipaperifipresentedifiatifitheifi1stifiInternationalifiForumififorifiEngineeringifiDecisionifiMakingifi(IFED ),ifi5-8ifiDe cifi2004,ifiSt oos,ifiSwitzerland,ifia vailableifiat:ifihttp://hdl.handle.net/10092/2809ifiDepartmentifiofifiHomelandifiSecurityifi(DHS).ifi(2007).ifiTargetifiCapabilitiesifiList.ifiWashington,ifiDCifi:ifiDHS.ifiDepartmentifiofifiHomelandifiSecurityifi(D HS).ifi(2008).ifiNationalifiIncidentifiManagem entifiSystem.ifiWashington,ifiDC:ifiDHS.ifiDepartmentifiofifiHomelandifiSecurityifi(DHS).ifi(2012).ifiResilienceifimeasurementifiindex.ifiWashington,ifiDCifi:ifiDHS.ifiDepartmentifiofifiHomelandifiSecurity.ifiRegionalifiresiliencyifi assessmentifiprogramifi|ifiHomel andifiSecurity.ifiConsultŽifileifi1ifimarsifi2013,ifiTirŽifideifihttp://www.dhs.gov/regional-resiliency-assessment-programifiDiifiMauro,ifiC.,ifiBouchon,ifiS.,ifiLogtmeijer,ifiC.,ifiPride,ifiR.D.,ifiHartung,ifiT.ifi&ifiNordvik,ifiJ.P.ifi(2010).ifiAifistructuredifiapproachifitoifiidentifyingifiEuropeanificriticalifiinfrastructures.ifiInternationalifiJournalifiofifiCriticalifiInfrastructures,ifi6(3),ifipp.ifi277Ð292.ifiFolke,ifiC.,ifiColding,ifiJ.,ifi&ifiBerkes,ifiF.ifi(2003).ifiSynthesis:ifiBuildingifiresilienceifiandifiadaptiveificapacityifiinifisocial-ecologicalifisystems.ifi(F.ifiBerkes,ifiEd.),ifiNavigatingifisocial-ecologicalifisystemsifiBuildingifiresilienceififorificomplexityifiandifichange,ifiCambridgeifiUniversityifiPress,ifiNewifiYork,ifiNY,ifipp.ifi352Ð387.ifiifiFossion,ifiP.,ifi&ifiLinkowski,ifiP.ifi(2007).ifiLaifipertinenceifiduificonceptifideifirŽsilienceifienifipsychiatrie.ifiRevueifimŽdicaleifideifiBruxelles,ifi28(1),ifipp.ifi33-39.ifiGibson,ifiC.ifiA.,ifi&ifiTarrant,ifiM.ifi(2010).ifiAificonceptualifimodelsifiapproachifitoifiorganisationalifiresilience.ifiTheifiAustralianifiJournalifiofifiEmergencyifiManagement,ifi25(2),ifipp.ifi6-12.ifiGuichardet,ifiG.ifi(2009).ifiStructurationifietifimodŽlisationifidesific onnaissancesifinŽc essairesifiˆifil'ŽvaluationifidesifiinterdŽpendancesifient reifilesifirŽ seauxifideifisupportifiˆifilaifivie.ifiM.Sc.A.ifiƒcoleifiPolytechniqueifideifiMontrŽal,ifiQc.,ifiCanada.ifi

71ifiifiRobert,ifiB.ifi&ifiMorabito,ifiL.ifi(acceptŽ).ifiSimulationifiandifiAnticipationifiofifiDominoifiEffectsifiamongifiCriticalifiInfrastructures.ifiInternationalifijournalifiofificriticalifi infrastructures .ifiA cceptŽifipourifipublication,ifi2012.ifiSimpson,ifiD.ifiM.ifi(2008).ifiDisasterifipreparednessifimeasures:ifiaifitestificaseifidevelopmentifiandifiapplication.ifiDisasterifiPreventionifiandifiManagement,ifi17(5),ifipp.ifi645Ð661.ifiStephenson,ifiA.ifiV.ifi(2010).ifiBenchmarkingifitheifiresilienceifiofifiorganisations.ifiPh.D.ifiUniversityifiofifiCanterbury,ifiChristchurch,ifiNouvelle-ZŽlande.ifiStephenson,ifiA.ifiV.,ifiVargo,ifiJ.,ifi&ifiSeville,ifiE.ifi(2010).ifiMeasuringifiandificomparingifiorganisationalifiresilienceifiinifiAuckland.ifiTheifiAustralianifijournalifiofifiemergencyifimanagement,ifi25(2),ifipp.ifi27Ð32.ifiTillement,ifiS.,ifiCholez,ifiC.,ifi&ifiReverdy,ifiT.ifi(2009).ifiAs sessingifi organizationalifiresi li enceifi-ifianifiinteractionistifiapproach.ifiManagement,ifi12(4),ifipp.ifi230Ð265.ifiTherrien,ifiM.-C.ifi(2010).ifiStratŽgiesifideifirŽsilienceifietifiinfrastructuresifiessentielles.ifiTelescope,ifi16(2),ifipp.ifi154Ð171.ifiTheifiWhiteifiHouse,ifi2011,ifiPresidentialifiPolicyifiDirective/PPD-8:ifiNationalifiPreparedness,ifiMarchifi30,ifiWashington,ifiD.C.ifiUnitedifiNations.ifi(2005).ifiReportifiofifitheifiWorldifiConf erenceifi onifiDisasterifi Reduction.ifiWorl difiConferenceifionifiDisasterifiReduction.ifiKobe,ifiHyogo,ifiJapan,ifi18-22ifiJanuaryifi2005.ifiifi

72ifiifiANNEXEifi1ifiÐifiPREPAREDNESSifi:ifiTHEifiSTATEifiOFifiTHEifiARTifiANDifiFUTUREifiPROSPECTSifiifiifiAnnexeifi1ifi-ifiHŽmond,ifiY.,ifi&ifiRobert,ifiB.ifi(2012).ifiPreparednessifi:ifitheifistateifiofifitheifiartifiandififutureifiprospects.ifiDisasterifiPreventionifiandifiManagement,ifi21(4),ifi404Ð417.ifiifiAbstractifiPurposeifi(mandatory)ifiThisifiaimifiofifithisifipaperifiisifitoifishowifitheifievolutionifiofifitheificonceptifiÒstateifiofifipreparednessÓifiintoifiÒstateifiofifiresilienceÓifiinifitheificontextifiofifiemergencyifimanagement,ifiandifitheifiimplicationsifiraisedifibyifithisifinewificoncept.ifiDesign/methodology/approachifi(mandatory)ifiThisifipaperifiisifiaifiliteratureifireviewifi(scientificifiandifigovernmental)ifiofifitheifimostifiimportantifiarticlesifiinifitheififieldifiofifistateifiofifipreparednessifievaluation.ifiFindingsifi(mandatory)ifiThisifiarticleifipresentsifitwoifitrendsifiinifitheifistateifiofifipreparednessifievaluation:ifi1)ifiresponseificapabilityifiandifi2)ifipreparationifimanagement.ifiTheseifitwoifitrendsificontributeifitoifitheifievolutionifiofifitheificonceptifiÒstateifiofifipreparednessÓifiintoifiÒstateifiofifiresilienceÓ,ifiaifistateifithatifiisifidefinedifiasifitheifiabilityifiofifiaifisystemifitoifimaintainifiorifire storeifianifi acceptableifilevelifiofififuncti oningifidespiteifidisruptionsifia ndififailures.ifiOriginality/valueifi(mandatory).ifiThisifiliteratureifireviewifihelpsifidefineifitheificonceptifiofifiÒstateifiofifipreparednessÓifi(inifitermsifiofifibothifimanagementifiandifiifiresponseificapability)ifiasifitheifinewifitrendifiofifiresilience.ifiKeywordsifi(upifitoifi6):ifiresilience,ifistateifiofifipreparedness,ifiemergencyifiplanning,ifibusinessificontinuity,ifiresilienceifiengineeringifi

73ifiifiClassifications:ifiliteratureifireviewifiifi1.ifiIntroductionifiSinceifitheifistartifiofifitheifi21stificentury,ifieventsifidescribedifiasifidisastersifihaveifistrengthenedifiourifiattentionifitowardsificommunitiesÕifis tateifiofifipreparedness.ifiWhetherificonsideringifit heifiterroristifiattacksifiofifi Septemberifi11,ifi2001,ifitheifi2004ifitsunami,ifiHurricaneifiKatrinaifiorifitheifiHaitianifiearthquake,ifitoifinameifijustifiaififew,ifi theseifieventsifiha veifiraisedificoncernsifiaboutifi communitiesÕifirespons eificapacitiesifiand,ifim oreifigenerally,ifiourifistateifiofifiprepa rednes s.ifiAtifiitsifiHyogoifiConference,ifi theifiUnit edifiNationsifi(UN)ififormulatedifiaifistrategyifitoifimakeifiourificommunitiesifimoreifiresilient.ifiifiThisififramework,ificom binedifiwithifitheifimanyifistudie sifiofifipreparednessifi(inifit heifibroadestifisense)ifiundertakenifibyifidifferentificountries,ifileadsifiusifitoifiexamineifitheifidevelopmentifiofifitheificonceptifiandifitheifinewifiperspectivesifithatifiresilienceifihasifiintroducedifiintoifitheififieldifiofifidisasterifimanagement.ifiInifirecentifiyears,ifitheifitrendifiseemsifitoifibeifitoifiapproachifitheificonceptifiofifipreparednessifiinifitwoifiveryifidifferent,ifibutificomplementary,ifidirections.ifiTheififirstifise esifipreparednessififromifitheifiperspec tiveifiofifirespons eificapability.ifiTheifisecondifiintegratesifi managementifim easuresifidesignedifi toifimaintainifioperationalificontinuity.ifiThisifiarticleifipresentsifitheifichangesifiinifitheificonceptifiofifipreparednessifiinifitheificontextifiofifiemergencyifimeasuresifiandifidescribesifitheifinewifineedsifithatifihaveifiappearedifiinifirecentifiyears.ifiPreparednessifishouldifinoifilongerifibeifiseenifiasifijustifitheificapacityifitoifirespondifitoifianifieventifibutifiasifianticipatingifitheifidifferentifipossibleifiwaysifiofifiaddressingifi theifieve ntifiwithifiaifiresilientifipers pective.ifiFi rst,ifiseveralifidefi nitionsifiofifipreparednessifiwillifibeifipresented,ifif ollowedifibyifiaifidiscussi onifiofifitheifi twoifidifferentifiapproachesifit oifiemergencyifipreparednessifithatifi wereifimentionedifiearlierifiinifithis ifipaper.ifiFi nally,ifitheificonceptifiofifiresilienceifiengineeringifiwillifibeifidiscussed.ifiTheificonceptsifipresentedifiinifithisifiarticleifiareifipartifiofifianifiall-hazardsifiapproachififocusedifionificonsequenceifimanagementifi(Robert,ifiMorabitoifi&ifiQueneville,ifi2007).ifiThisifiisifidirectl yifirelatedifit oifitheifiworkifiofifitheifiauthoritie sifiresponsibleififorifiemergencyifimeasures ifimanagementifithatifineedifitoificontrolifithe ificonsequencesifiofifiva riousifievents,ifi mainlyifii mpactifionifipopulation.ifiifi2.ifiPreparedness:ifiChangingifidefinitionsifi

75ifiifi1960s,ifiwhileifitheififirstifiprovincialifiministriesifiwereifisetifiupifiinifitheifi1980sifi(MSP,ifi2010).ifiBackifithen,ifitheifitermifipublicifisafetyifiwasififirstifiused.ifiNowifiitifiisificonsideredifitoifibeifiimportantifitoifiensureifipeopleÕsifisafetyifibothifiinifiwartimeifi(realifiorifiapprehended,ifiasifiinifitheificaseifiofifitheifiColdifiWar)ifiandifiwhenifinaturalifidisastersifistrikeifi(floods,ifiearthquakes,ifietc.).ifi2.2ifiDefinitionifiInifitheificontextifiofificivilifisecurityifi(disasterifimanagementifiorifiemergencyifimeasures),ifipreparednessifiisifipartifiofifiaificontinuousifiprocessifitoifiimproveifiinterventionsifiandifiensureifirecoveryifiwhenifieventsifiaffectifipublicifisafety.ifiItifiisifinowifiacknowledgedifithat,ifiinifimostificases,ifiemergencyifimanagementifiincludesififourifiphases:ifiprevention,ifipreparedness,ifi interventionifiandifirecoveryifi(Ca nadianifiStandardsifiAssociationifi[CSA],ifi2008;ifiNationalifiFireifiProtectionifiAssociationifi[NFPA],ifi2010).ifiPreparednessifiinvolvesifiputtingifiaifivarietyifiofifimeansifiinifiplaceifisoififirstifirespondersificanifiinterveneifibetter,ifiasifiaififunctionifiofifitheifiissuesifiidentifiedifiduringifiplanningifiifiAsifiSimpsonifi andifiCovingtonifi(2006)ifiandifiMcEntireifi andifiMyers ifi(2004)ifipointifiout,ifithe reifii sifinoifiuniversallyifiacceptedifidefinitionifiofifitheifiterm.ifiMcEntireifiandifiMyersifi(2004)ifireportificloseifitoifiaifidozenifidifferentifidefinitionsifiofifipreparation.ifiHowever,ifitheifiliteratureifidoesifigenerallyifiagreeifionifitheifineedififorifipreparation,ifiinifitheificontextifiof ifiemergenc yifimeasures,ifi toifiidentifyifiandifiimplem entifiaifi varietyifiofifimethodsifisoifiasifitoifibeifibetterifiableifitoifiinterveneifi(CSA,ifi2008;ifiNFPA,ifi2010).ifiTheseifimethodsifigenerallyififocusifionifirespondingifitoifiaifihazardifiinifitheificontextifiofifiaifidisaster,ifithatifiis,ifiaifisituationifiinifiwhichifitheifipopulationifiandifiitsifiactivitiesifiareifiseverelyifidisrupted.ifiSince,ifiinifiaificivilifisecurityificontext,ifipreparationifiisifitheifiaimifiofifiallifipre-eventifiactivities,ifiitificanifibeifidefinedifiasififollows:ifitheifiactionsifiandifimeasuresifiofifiallifikindsifiexecutedifibeforeifitheifieventifithatifimakeifiitifipossibleifitoifiputifitoolsifiinifiplaceifitoifibetterifiguideifiinterventionifiandifirecovery.ifiThisifidefinitionifiassumesifithatifitheifieventifiwillifioccur,ifiwhichifiisifiaificharacteristicifiofifipreparationifi(McEntireifi&ifiMyers,ifi2004).ifi2.3ifiEvolutionifiofifitheificonceptifiofifipreparednessifiInifithe ifi1970s,ifipreparedness ,ifiwhichifi hadifilongifibeenifiappliedifiinifitheifimil itaryififield,ifibeganifi toifibeifiimplementedifiinifitheificivilifisecurityificontext.ifiItifibecameificlearifithatifitheificonceptifiofifipreparationifineededifitoifibeifiada pted,ifiandifis everalifiresearchersific ontributedifit oifithatifitask.ifiInifihisifinumerousifi preliminaryifipapers,ifiQuarantelli ifiaddedifitheifidimensionifiofifimanagementifitoifit heificonceptifi(Qua rantelli,ifi1986a,ifi1986b,ifi1988,ifi1998;ifiQuarantelliifi&ifiTierney,ifi1979).ifiTheifidevelopmentifiofifitoolsifidesignedifitoifibetterifi

76ifiifimanageifiemergenciesifiandifitoifihelpifitheifivariousifipoliticalifiauthoritiesifiintroducedifiaifilessifimilitaryififocusifitoifitheificoncept.ifiTheifi20ificriteriaifithatifiQuarantelliifi(1998)ifidevelopedifiandificirculatedifiareifistillifiusedifiasifireferencesifitodayifi(tableifi2).ifiHeifiproposedifi10ifi criteriaifii ndicatingifithatifiaificomm unit yifiisifiplanningifiappropriatelyififorifidisastersifi(seeifitableifi2).ifiTheseificriteriaifitakeifitheififormifiofifiadviceifiandifiprocedures.ifiInifitheifisameififormat,ifiheifialsoifiproposesifi10ificriteriaififorifiproperlyifimanagingifidisastersifi(seeifitableifi2).ifi

77ifiifiDisasterifiplanningifiDisasterifimanagingifiFocusifionifitheifiplanningifiprocessifiratherifithanifitheifiproductionifiofifiaifiwrittenifidocument.ifiRecognizeificorrectlyifitheifidiff erenceifibetweenifiagentifiandifirespon seifigeneratedifi needsifiandifidemands.ifiRecognizeifithatifidisastersifiare ifibothifiquantitativelyifiandifiqualitativelyifidifferentififromifiminorifiemergenciesifiandifieverydayificrises.ifiCarryifioutifigeneri cififunctionsifi inifianifiadequateifiway.ifiBeifigenericifiratherifithanifiagentifispecific.ifiMobilizeifipersonnelifiandifire sourcesifiinifianifieffectiveifimanner.ifiBeifibase difiuponifianifiemergen tifiresourceificoordinationifiandifinotifiaificommandifiandificontrolifimodel.ifiInvolveifiproperifitaskifidelegationifiandifidivisionifiofifilabor.ifiFocusifionifigeneralifiprinciplesifiandifinotifispecificifidetails.ifiAllowifitheifiadeq uateifiprocess ingifiofifiinformation.ifiBeifibasedifionifiwhatifiisifilikelyifitoifihappen.ifiPermitifitheifiproperifi exerciseifiofifi decisionifimaking.ifiBeifiverticallyifiandifihorizontallyifiintegrated.ifiFocusifionifitheifide velopment ifiofifioverallifi coordination.ifiStriveifitoifievokeifiap propriate ifiactionsifibyifianticipatingifilikelyifiproblemsifiandifipo ssibleifisolutionsifiorifioptions.ifiBlendifiemergentifia spectsifiwithifiestablishedifiones.ifiUseifitheifibe stifisocialifisc ienceifiknowledge ifipossibleifiandifinotifimythsifiandifimisconceptions.ifiProvideifitheifimassificommunicationifisystemifiwithifiappropriateifiinformation.ifiRecognizeifithatificrisisifitimeifid isasterifiplanni ngifiandifidisasterifimanagingifiareifiseparateifiprocesses.ifiHaveifiaifiwellififu nction ingifiemergen cyifioperationsificenterifi(EOC).ifiTableifi2ifiÐifi20ificriteriaififorifidisasterifiplanningifiandifimanagementifi(Quarantelli,ifi1998)ifiThisifineedififorifimanage mentifiallowedifitwoifidifferent,ifibutific omplementary,ifiresearchifistre amsifitoifidevelop.ifiTheififirstifioneififocusesifionifiresponseificapability,ififollowingififromifitheifimilitaryifiapplicationifiofifi

78ifiifipreparedness,ifiwhileifitheifisecondififocusesifionifioperationalificontinuity,ifiwhichifiresultsififromifiaifimoreifimanagement-orientedifiapproachifitoifipreparedne ss.ifiItifishouldifibeifim entionedifit hatifitheifineedififorifimanagementifibecameifiparticularlyificlearifiinifitheifi1990s,ifiwithifitheifiremarkableifigrowthifiinifiinformationifitechnologiesifiandifiorganizationsÕifiever-increasingifidependencyifionifitechnologyifi(ITifia ndifitelecommunications).ifi2.4ifiPreparednessifiasifiresponseificapabilityifiThisifiterm,ifiwhichificomesififromifitheifimilitaryifiworld,ifiisifiusedifiinifigovernmentifipreparednessifiactivitiesifirelatedifitoifiterrorismifiandifit heifiCBRNEifi(Che mical,ifiBiological,ifiRadiologi cal,ifiNuc learifiandifiExplosives)ificontext.ifiInifitheifiUnitedifiStates,ifiallifipoliciesifirelatedifitoifipreparationifiandifiinterventionifiinificaseifiofifiemergencyifiareififocusedifionifiresponseificapability.ifiTheifimostifitangibleifiresultifiofifithisificonceptifiisifitheifiTargetifiCa pabilityifiListifi(Depa rtmentifiofifiHomelandifiSecurityifi[DHS],ifi2007).ifiThisifilis tifiof ifi37ificapabilitiesifiincludesifiallifirelatedifiactivitiesifionifianifiemergencyifimeasuresifisite.ifiFromificapabilityifiÒriskifiassessmentÓifitoificapabilityifiÒfatalityifim anagement Ó,ifiaifilistifiofifitasks,ifiactiviti esifiandifimetricsifiisifipresentedififorifieachificapabilityifisoifithatifitheifinationifiwillifibeifireadyifitoifihandleifi15ifidifferentifiscenariosifi(DHS,ifi2006).ifiifiAbriefifiexplanationifiofifitheificontextifiisifigivenifiinifisectionifi3.1.ifiResponseificapabilityifibringsififirstifirespondersÕifisecurityifiandifioperationalifisidesifitogether.ifiThisifiwayifiofifiassessingifipreparednessifiallowsifioneifitoifitargetifiinterventionsifionifitheifigroundifiinifidirectifirelationifitoifipre-establishedifiscenarios.ifiHowever,ifithereifiareififewifiscientificifistudiesifiofifitheificoncept.ifi2.5ifiPreparednessifiasifiaifitoolififorifiemergencyifimeasuresifimanagementifiQuarantelliifiwasifioneifiofifitheififirstifiresearchersifitoificombineifimanagementifiandifipreparedness.ifiOtherifiauthorsifithenififollowedifisuitifi(McEntireifi&ifiMyers,ifi2004;ifiOÕLeary,ifi2004;ifiSimpson,ifi2008;ifiSuttonifi&ifiTierney,ifi2006).ifiTheseifiauthors,ificitedifiinifithisifipaperifibecauseifiofifitheirifiimportantificontributions,ifitakeifitheifiprinciplesifistatedifibyifiQuarantelliifiandifidevelopifidifferentifievaluationifimethodologies,ifiwhichifiwillifibeifipresentedifibelow.ifiAsifimentionedifi inifiSectionifi2.3,ifiQuarantelli ifigiveifi20ific riteriaifitoifievaluateifipla nningifia ndifidisasterifimanagementififorifiaificommunity.ifiBecause ifiofifihisifi manyifipublic ations,ifiQuarantelliifiisifialwaysifiaifireferenceifipointifiinifitheififieldifiofifidisasterifipreparationifiandifimanagement.ifiHeifiapproachesifitheifiissueifimoreififromifiaifisocialifithanififromifiaifitechnicalifistandpoint.ifiTheificriteriaifiheifilistsifi(seeifitableifi2)ifiallowifioneifitoifiaddressifidisasterifiplanningifiandifipreparationififromifianifiemergencyifimeasuresifimanagementifiperspective.ifiThisifiperspectiveifihasifiopenedifiaifiresearchififieldifithatifiisifistillifirelevantifitoday.ifiRecentifieventsifiinifiJapanifi

79ifiifihaveifidemonstratedifitheifineedififorifisocialifiperspectiveifiinifiemergencyifimeasuresifimanagementifiandifitheificriteriaifiitifihasifidevelopedifiapplyifiveryifiwellifitoifithisifisituation.ifiTheseifisocialifiapproachifiofifiemergencyifiisifiprobablyifiwhatifihasifibroadenedifitheifiscopeifiofifiindicatorsifitowardsifimanagement.ifiTheifiintegrati onifiofifimanagementifiintoifitheificonce ptifiofifiprepa rednessifimadeifimanagersifiandificivilifiauthoritiesifimoreifiawareifiofifitheifineedifitoifiprepareifiandifitoifidevelopifimanagementifitoolsifisoifitheyifiwillifibeifibetterifiableifitoifianti cipateifitheificonse quencesifiof ifidisastersifiandifitoifimanageifisuchifisituat ions.ifiThisifimanagement-focusedifiapproachifialsoifibringsifiinifitheifinotionifiofifioperationalificontinuity.ifiOperationalificontinuityifipresupposesifiaifipreparationifistepifithatifileadsifitoifitheifiidentificationifiofifithoseifioperationsifithatifimustifibeifimaintained.ifiTheifialignmentifiofifitheifitwoificonceptsifi(preparednessifiandifioperationalificontinuity)ifiisifipresentedifiinifitheififollowingifisection.ifi2.6ifiTowardifitheifiintegrationifiofifioperationalificontinuityifiThisifiwayifiofifipresentingifiemergencyifimeasuresifiandifibusinessificontinuityifiisifiquiteifisimilarifitoifiexistingifiNorthifiAmerica nifistandards.ifiTheifilatestifiversi onsifiofifiCSA-Z1600-08ifiandifi NFPAifi1600ifi integrateifiemergencyifimeasuresifiandifibusinessificontinuityifi(CSA,ifi2008;ifiNFPA,ifi2010).ifiTheseifistandardsifiattemptifitoifiintegra teifitheifiprocessifiofifimanagingifiem ergencyifimeasure sifiintoifiaifibroaderificontext ifiwithinifi companies.ifiIntegrationififavoursifibothifidomainsifi(i.e.,ifibusinessificontinuityifiandifiemergencyifimeasuresifimanagement)ifibecauseifibusinessificontinuityifihasifioftenifibeenifiassociatedifionlyifiwithifiITifiissues.ifiTheyificanifinowifibeificombinedifiinifiaifimoreifigeneralifiprocessifisoifithatificompaniesificanifiensureifioverallificontinuityififorifitheirifioperations.ifiOnifitheifiotherifihand,ifinotifiallifiofifitheificountriesifithatifiissueifistandardsifiagreeifiwithifithisifiintegration.ifiInifitheifiUK,ifitheifiBritishifiStandardsifiInstitutionifi(BSI)ifiissuedifiBSifi25999:2006ificoncerningifibusinessificontinuityifi(BSI,ifi2006).ifiThisifistandardificlearlyifidistinguishesifibetweenifibusinessificontinuityififorifiaificompanyifiandifiwhatifiitificallsifiÒCivilifiemergencyifimanagement.ÓifiInifitheifiBSIÕsifiview,ifibusinessificontinuityifiallowsifiaificompanyifitoifibecomeifimoreifiresilientifibyifiidentifyingificriticalifiactivities,ifiwhereasifiemergencyifimeasuresifimanagementifiisifiaifimatterififorifithe ificompetentifigove rnmentifiaut horities.ifiTheifiBusinessifiConti nuityifiInstitute,ifiinifiitsifi GoodifiPract iceifiGuidelines ifi(Business ifiContinuityifiInstitute,ifi2010),ifiincludesifipreparednessifiinifiaificontextifiofifiemergencyifimeasuresifiwithinifiaifibroaderifiprocessifiofifibusinessificontinuityifimanagement.ifiAsifiwithifiBSI,ifitheifiprocessifiobjectiveifiisifitoifiimproveifitheifiresilienceifiofifitheifiorganization.ifiTheifiInternationa lifiOrganizationififorifiStandardizationifi(IS O)ifialsoifiorganizedifiaifiseminarifionifipreparednessifiandifioperationalificontinuityifiinifi2006.ifiThisifiseminarifiwasifibasedifionifitheifipremiseifithatifi

80ifiifithereifiisifinoifiinternationalifistandardififorifipreparednessifiinifiaifidisasterifi(ISO,ifi2006).ifiAmongifiotherifithings,ifiparticipantsifirecommendedifithatifiTechnicalifiCommitteeifiISO/TCifi223ifiSocietalifiSecurityifistudyifitheififeasibilityifiofifidevelopingifiaifistandardifionifithisifimatter.ifiAsifiwell,ifitheifireportifilistedifiaifiseriesifiofifidisasterifipreparationifiactivitiesifithatifiariseififromifitheifistandardifionifisocietalifisecurity,ifiISO/PASifi22399,ifiwhichifiisifipresentedifiinifitheififormifiofifiaifiguideifitoifihelpifiprepareififorifiincidentsifiandifiensureifibusinessificontinuityifi(ISO,ifi2007).ifiTheificonceptifiofifipreparednessifihasifibranchedifioffifiinifitwoifidirections.ifiTheififirstificoncernsifiresponseificapability,ifiaificonceptifithatifiemerge dififromifithe ifimilitaryifiworldifiandifit hatifiisifistillifi usedifitodayifiinifipreparationififorifiCBRNEifiincidents,ifi amongifiothe rifithings.ifiTheifis econdifiisifitheifioneifithatifihasifibee nifiwidelyifiusedifibyifigovernmentsifiinifipreparingififorifidisastersifiand,ifiasifipresentedifiinifitheififollowingifisection,ifileadsifitoifiworkifionifitheifiresilienceifiofificommunities.ifiThisifibranchifimadeifiitifipossibleifitoifiaddifitheificonceptifiofifimanagementifiinifipreparationififorifidisastersifiandifihasifibeenifiappliedifiinificivilianifienvironments.ifiTheifinextifisectionifiwillifiaddressifitheifievaluationifiofifipreparedness.ifiifi3.ifiMethodififorifievaluatingifipreparedness3ifiStakeholdersifihaveifibeenifievaluatingifipreparednessififorifisomeifiyearsifinow.ifiTheififirstifievaluationsifiwereifidoneifibyifimeansifiofifiexercisesifiandifisimulations,ifiasifiwellifiasifioperatingifiexperienceififeedback.ifiThisifimethodology,ifiwhichificameififromifitheifimilitary,ifiisifistillifiwidelyifiusedifitodayifi(ConseilifipourifilaifirŽductionifidesifiaccidentsifiindustrielsifimajeursifi[CRAIM],ifi2007).ifiSimulationsifi(orifiexercises)ifiallowifistakeholdersifitoifibeifiimmersedifiinifiaifihypotheticalifisituationifi(butifioneifithatifiisifiasificloseifiasifipossibleifitoifireality),ifisoifitheirifireactionsifiandifitheifioutcomesifiofifitheifivariousifiactionsifithatifiareifitakenificanifibeifianalyzed.ifiThisifiprocedureifigivesifiusersifianifioperationalifivisionifiofifipreparation,ifibutifiitifidoesifinotifiprovideifianyifiindicatorsifienablingifimanagersifitoifiregularlyifievaluateifitheifipreparednessifiofifitheirificompanies.ifiAsifiwell,ifisinceifipreparednessifidoesifinotifidependifionifioperatingifistaffifialone,ifiindicatorsifithatifiallowifioneifitoificombineifiallififunctionsifipresentifiinifiaificompanyifihaveifibecomeifinecessaryifitoifiexpandifitheificoncept.ifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifiifi3ifiTheifimostifii mportantifiworks ifiareifipresentedifiinifithisifisection .ifiThereifiareifimanyifio thersifithatifiu seifidi fferentifistatisticalifiapproachesifitoificonstructifianifiindexifiandifievaluateifipreparedness.ifi

81ifiifiThereafter,ifitheifivariousifiscientificifistudiesifipresentedifiaboveifimadeifiitifipossibleifitoifiintegrateifitheificonceptifiofifimanagementifiofifipreparednessifiintoifitheifievaluationifiofifithatifistate.ifiWithifihisificriteriaififorifidisasterifiplanningifiandifimanagement,ifiQuarantelliifi(1998)ifiopenedifitheifidoorifitoifinumerousifistudies,ifiincludingifithoseifibyifiDavidifiSimpson.ifiTheifiscienti ficifiliteratureificontainsifinumerousifiindicatorsifi (seeifitableifi3ififorifisomeifiexamples)ifi thatifimeasureifivariousifiaspectsifiofifipreparedness,ifiasifiwellifiasifimethodologiesififorifiaccumulatingifieverythingifiintoifianifiindex.ifiTheseifiindicatorsififocusifibothifionifiinterventionifiandifionifiplanning.ifiNevertheless,ifithereifidoifinotifiseemifitoifibeifianyifiuniversallyifiacceptedifiindicatorsifiorifimethodologiesifithatifiwouldifidiscriminateifiamongifiindicators ifiandifiallowifitheifimostifiappropriate ifionesifitoifi beifichosen.ifiEachificountryifia ndifiorganizationifiwantingifitoifi measureifi itsifistateifiofifipreparednes sifiadaptifitheifidif ferentifiindicatorsifiandifimethodologiesifiavailableifitoifitheirificontext.ifiNothingifisuggestsifithatifiaifimethodifiandifiuniversalifiindicatorsifiareifidesirable.ifiTheifiadaptationifithatifianifiorganizationificanifiundergoifiallowsifiaifibetterifiintegrationifiofifitheificoncept.ifiTheificontextifialsoifiassumesifithatifitheifienvironmentifiinifiwhichifitheifistateifiofifipreparednessifiisifimeasuredifiisifinotifitheifisameififorifiallifi(differentifivulnerabilitiesifiandifidifferentificontingencies).ifiDespiteifithis,ifiweificanifigeneralizeifiaificommonifiindicatorifiand,ifisubsequently,ifiaifispecificifiindicator,ififorificertainifihazardsifiorificertainifitypeifiofificonsequences.ifiMoreover,ifisuchifiindicat orsifiareifinoifiguara nteeifiofifitheifisuccessifiofifianifi intervention.ifiAifi proces sifiofifireflectionifimustifibeifiinitiatedifit oififindifiso-calledifiperformanceifiindicat orsifithatifiwillifiactuallyifial lowificausesifitoifibeifilinkedifitoifieffects.ifiCategoryifiIndicatorifiFireifiprotectionifiAverageifiresponseifitimeifiNumberifiofififireifistationsifiEmergencyifimedicalifiservicesifiAverageifiresponseifitimesifiNumberifiofifimedicalifipersonnelifi(perifithousandifipeople)ifiOtherifiemergencyififunctionsifiEstablishedifiemergencyifioperationsificenterifiDrillsifiandifiexercisesifiFrequencyifiofifiriskifievaluationifi

82ifiifiWhoifiparticipatesifiinifitheifiriskifievaluationifiprocess?ifiDoifiyouifihaveifiaifiearlyifiwarningifisystem?ifiEtc.ifiTableifi3ifiÐifiSampleifiindicatorsifi(Simpson,ifi2008;ifiStandingifiSenateifiCommitteeifionifiNationalifiSecurityifiandifiDefenceifi[SCONSAD],ifi2008)ifiSimpsonifi(2004)ifiproposesifiaifimethodologyififorifievaluatingifiaifimunicipalityÕsifi(localifiadministration)ifipreparednessififorifidisasters.ifiThisifimethodologyifiincludesifianifiextremelyifiexhaustiveifisetifiofifiindicatorsifithatifimeasureifitheifipreparatoryifimeansifithatifihaveifibeenifiputifiinifiplaceifi(seeifitableifi3ififorifisomeifiindicatorsifiexample).ifiTheifimethodologyifiisifithenifirefinedifiinifihisifiWorkingifiPaperifi06-03ifi(Simpson,ifi2006),ifileadingifitoifitheificreationifiofifiaifidisasterifipreparednessifiindex.ifiSimpsonifieventuallyifipublishedifianifiarticleifithatifipresentsifihisifiworkifiasifiaifiwholeifiandifienablesifihisifimethodologyifitoifibeifiimplementedifi(Simpson,ifi2008).ifiThisifiresearchifiwasificonductedififorifitwoificommunitiesifiinifitheifiUnitedifiStatesifi(Sikeston,ifiMissouriifiandifiCarbondale,ifiIllinois).ifiTheseifiindicatorsifiwereifidevelopedifitoifiassistifidecisionifimakersifiinifiassessingifitheirifistateifiofifipreparedness.ifiOÕLearyifi(2004)ifipresentsifiaifipra cti califiguideififorifidevelopingifiindic atorsifitoifi measureifidisasterifipreparation.ifiThisifiguideififirstifiexplainsifihowificommunitiesifiprepareififorifidisasters,ifithenifisetsifioutifiaifitechnicalififrameworkififorifiindicatorsifia ndifiperformanceifimeasurement.ifi Theifiguideifi followsifiinifiSimpsonÕsififootsteps,ifiinifithe ifisenseifithatifiitifiproposesifiaifis tatist icalifiapproachifi toificombineifiaifisetifiof ifiindicatorsifiintoifianifiindex.ifiTheifitheoreticalififrameworkifipresentedifiinifithisifiworkifimayifibeifiapplicableifiinifiotherififieldsifisinceifiitifiisififocusedifionifiindicatorsifiinifigeneral.ifiMcEntireifiandifiMyersifi(2004)ifiapproachifipreparednessififromifitheifiangleifiofifiaifiprocess.ifiTheyifidefineifi10ifistepsifineededifitoifiachieveifiaifistateifiofifimaximumifipreparedness.ifiTheirifiapproachifiisifisimilarifitoifithatifiofifiQuarantelliifi(1998)ifibecauseifitheyifiproposeifinotifiaifidirectifimeasureifibutifiaifiworkifimethodologyifiintendedifitoififoste rifienhancedifipreparedness.ifiIt ifiisifimeantifitoififitifi intoifiaifibroaderifipreparationifiprogram,ifinecessitatingifileadership,ifiprofessionalism,ifieff ectiveifipublicificommunications,ifiandifiinteragencyifilinks,ifiallifiofifiwhichifidependifionifimodernifitechnologiesifi(McEntireifi&ifiMyers,ifi2004).ifiInifitheirifireport,ifiSuttonifiandifiTierneyifi(2006)ifipresentifitheificonceptsifiunderlyingifidisasterifipreparedness.ifiTheyifihaveifiseparatedifipreparedness,ifiandifiitsifimeasurement,ifiintoifithreeifiunitsifiofifianalysis:ifihouseholdifipreparedness,ifibusinessifipreparednessifi andifipublicifisector/governmentifia gencyifipreparedness.ifiForifieachifiunit,ifidifferentifiresearchifiinstrumentsifiareifipresented.ifiThereifiareifialsoificommonifimetricsifithatificanifi

83ifiifibeifiusedifii nifitheifiquesti onnairesifit heyifipresent ,ificulminatingifiinificommonifi measuresifitoifiguideifipreparation.ifiTheifimetricsifipres entedifiinifithi sifireportifiareifigeneric,ifithatifiis,ifit heyifiprovideifigeneralifiquestionsifitoifiaskifiwithifiaifiviewifitoifibeingifibetterifiprepared,ifiwithoutifispecifyingifianyificoncreteifiindicators.ifiForifiexample,ifiSuttonifiandifiTierneyifimentionifithatifiaifibusinessifineedsifiindicatorsificoncerningifiknowledgeifiofifirisks,ifibutifitheyifidoifinotifiproposeifianyificoncreteifimeasure.ifiTheirifireportififollowsifialongifitheifisameifilinesifiasifithoseifidis cussedifiaboveifi(McE ntireifi&ifiMyers,ifi2004;ifiQuarantelli ,ifi1998)ifiinifithatifiitifisuggestsifi businessifipracticesifithatifishouldifileadifitoifibetterifipreparationifiandifiproposesifiavenuesifithatifishouldifibeifiexploredififorifithisifipurpose.ifi3.1ifiNorthifiAmericanifigovernmentifipoliciesifiAsifimentioned,ifitheifiHyogoifiFrameworkififorifiActionifisetsifioutifiguidelinesifitoifiimproveifitheifiresilienceifiofifinationsifiandificommunities.ifiToifiensureifithatifithisififrameworkifiwasififollowed,ifitheifiUNifimandatedifitheifiInternationalifiStrategyififorifiDisasterifiReductionifi(ISDR)ifitoifiproduce,ifiinifiaccordanceifiwithifiitsifistructure,ifiaifiguideifitoifiassistifinationsifiandificommunitiesifiinifimeasuringifitheifiresultsifiofifitheifiHyogoifiFrameworkifi(ISDR,ifi2008).ifiTheifiguideifiproposesifigeneralifiindicatorsififorifinationsifiandificommunitiesifitoifiensureifithatifitheifivariousifiFrameworkifiactionsifiareificompletedifi(tableifi4).ifiTheseifiindicatorsifimayifiresembleifiso-calledifipreparednessifiindicatorsifiinifitheifisenseifithatifitheyifiverifyifitheifiimplementationifiofifimeansifitoifibeifimoreifiresilient.ifiHowever,ifitheyifiareifiintende dififorifitheifiexecutiveifibra nchifiofifigovernmentifi andifiareifiveryifigeneral,ifigivenifithatifitheyifimustifisatisfyifitheifimajorityifiof,ifiififinotifiall,ifimembersifiofifitheifiUN.ifiStrategicifigoalifiRecommendedifiindicatorsifi1:ifitheifiintegrationifiofifidisasterifiriskifireductionifiintoifisustainableifidevelopmentifipoliciesifiandifipracticesifii.ifiNationalifidevelopmentifiplansifiincludeifielementsifiwhichifiaddressifidisasterifiriskifireduction.ifiii.ifiAllifiinternationalifiplansifiandifiprogrammesifisuchifias;ifia.ifipovertyifireductionifistrategies,ifib.ificommonifiprogrammingifitoolsifiofifitheifiUNifiandifiinternationalifiagencies,ific.ificlimateifichangeifiadaptationifiplansifiandifistrategies,ifid.ifiandifidonorifisupportedificountryifidevelopmentifiassistanceifiprogrammesifiincludeifielementsifiwhichifiaddressifidisasterifiriskifireduction.ifi2:ifidevelopmentifiandifistrengtheningifiofifiinstitutions,ifii.ifiaifinationalifipolicyififrameworkififorifidisasterifiriskifireductionifiexits,ifithatifiincludesifipolicies,ifiplansifiandifiactivitiesififorifinationalifitoifilocalifiadministrativeifilevelsifi

84ifiifimechanismsifiandificapacitiesifitoifibuildifiresilienceifitoifihazardsifiii.ifiaifinationalifimulti-sectoralifiplatformififorifidisasterifiriskifireductionifiisififunctioningifiiii.ifidedicatedifiandifisufficientifiresourcesifiareifiavailableififorifiplannedifiactivitiesifitoifireduceifidisasterifirisks.ifiTableifi4ifiÐifiSampleifiindicatorsifiinifitheificontextifiofifiHyogoififrameworkifi(ISDR,ifi2008)ifiifiTheificontextifiofifievaluatingifipreparednessififromifitheifigovernmentifiperspectiveifiinifitheifiUSAifihasifibeenifiveryifidifferentifisinceifitheifieventsifiofifiSeptemberifi2001.ifiAifiDHSifidirectiveifi(DHS,ifi2010)ifisetifioutifianifientireifiincidentifimanagementifisystem,ifibasedifionifitheificonceptifiofifiresponseificapability.ifiThus,ifipreparednessifiisifievaluatedifibasedifionifinotifitheifiimplementationifiofifidifferentifimethodsifibutifitheifiabilityifitoifirespondifitoifievents.ifiThisifiresponseifi capabilityifiisifibroke nifidownifiintoifiaifiseriesifi ofifiactivitiesifiandifitasksifiwithifi aifistandardifitimeififorifiea chifioneifi(timeifitoifideployifihum anifires ources,ifitechnologies,ifietc.).ifiT heyifiareifigroupedifiintoifi37ifi capabilitie s,ifi suchifiasifiÒFatalityifimanagement,ÓifiinifitheifiTarge tifiCapabiliti esifiListifi (TCL)ifi(DHS,ifi2007).ifiT heifisystemifialsoifi inc ludesifiotherifient itiesifisuchifiasifitheifiNa tionalifiIncidentifiCommandifiSystemifi(NIMS)ifi(DHS,ifi2008)ifiandifitheifiNationalifiResponseifiFrameworkifi(NRF)ifi(DHS,ifi2008b).ifiEverythingifiisifiplannedifiinifilightifiofifi15ifiscenariosifithatifirepresentifitheifieventsifimostifilikelyifitoifihappenifionifiUSifiterritory.ifiToifisupportifithisifiprocess,ifiFEMAifiwasifimandatedifitoifiissueifianifiannualifireportifionifipreparednessifiinifitheifiUSAifi(FEMA,ifi2009).ifiInifiCanada,ifiworkifitoifiassessifipreparednessifiisifistillifiinifiitsifiinfancy.ifiSeveralifistudiesifihaveifibeenifipublishedifiinifirecent ifiyears.ifiInifi2008,ifitheifiStandi ngifiSenateifiCommitt eeifi onifiN ationalifiSec urityifiandifiDefenceifi(SCONSAD)ifipublishedifiaifireportifidescribingifitheifipreparednessifiofifimunicipalitiesifiandifigovernmentifidepartmentsifitoifihandleifiemergenciesifi(SCONSAD,ifi2008).ifiHowever,ifithisifireportifidoesifinotifirevealifiwhatifiallifitheifiindicatorsifimeasuredifiareifibasedifionifiorifievenifiwhatifitheifioptimalifistateifiofifipreparednessifishouldifibe.ifiAllifiofifitheseifiarticles,ifigovernmentifipoliciesifiandifistandardsififailifitoififullyifireflectifitheifinewifiwaveifiofifiresilienceifithatifiappearsifitoifibeifispreadingififartherifiandififarther,ifisetifiinifimotionifibyifitheifiHyogoifiFrameworkififorifiAction.ifiTheifiwillifitoifiincludeifibusinessificontinuityifiandifiemergencyifimeasuresifiisifiaifimajorifistepifiinifithisifidirection,ifibutifiaifilotifiofifiworkifistillifineedsifitoifibeifidoneifitoifichangeifimentalities.ifiInifitheifiremainderifiofifithisifipaper,ifiaifibriefifidiscussionifionifiresilienceifiandifitheifiavenuesififorifiresearchifithatifiitifiopensifiupifiwillifibeifipresented.ifiTheifiemergenceifiofifithisificoncept,ifiasifiappliedifitoifiemergencyifimeasuresifimanagement,ifiwillifienableifiusifitoifiaddressifipreparednessififromifiaifimoreifigeneralifipointifiofifiview.ifi

85ifiifi4.ifiResilience:ifiTheifiemergenceifiofifiaifinewificonceptifiInifili ghtifiofifitheifivariousifi disaste rsifi(bothifinaturalifi andifianthropic)ifithatifi haveifiaffectedificommunitiesifiaroundifitheifiworld,ifitheifinotionsifiofifiadaptabilityifiandifimaintenanceifiofifiactivitiesifihaveifibecomeifimoreifiimportant.ifiInifithisifiregard,ifitheifiHyogoifiConferenceifilaidifitheififoundationsififorifiexpandingifitheificonceptifiofifiemergencyifimeasuresifimanagementifitoifiincludeificommunityifiresilience.ifiThisifiresilienceifiisifireflectedifiinifiÒtheificapacityifiofifiaifisystem,ificommunityifiorifisocietyifipotentiallyifiexposedifitoifihazardsifitoifiadapt,ifibyifiresistingifiorifichangingifiinifiorderifitoifirea chifia ndifimaintainifianifiac ceptabl eifilevel ifiofififunct ioningifiandifistructure.ifiThisifiisifideterminedifibyifitheifidegreeifitoifiwhichifitheifisocialifisystemifiisificapableifiofifiorganizingifiitselfifitoifiincreaseifithisificapacityififorifilearningififromifipastifidisastersififorifibetterififutureifiprotectionifiandifitoifiimproveifiriskifireductionifimeasuresÓifi(UN,ifi2005,ifip.ifi9).ifi4.1ifiResilience:ifiDefinitionifiandificontextifiResilienceifiisifiaificonceptifithatifihasifiexistedififorifimanyifiyears.ifiThisificonceptififirstifiappearedifiinifiphysicsifiinifitheifiearlyifitwentiethificentury,ifiwithifitheifiCharpyifiimpactifitest,ifiwhichifimeasuresifitheifiimpactifiresistanceifiofifiaifimaterialifithatifihasifiaifinotchifi(V-orifiU),ifidependingifionifiitsifigeometry.ifiLater,ifiHollingifi(1973)ifidefinesifiresilienceifibyifiaifipropertyifiofifiaifisystem.ifiFromifithisifiprinciple,ifitwoifibroadificategoriesifiofifiresilienceifihaveifiemerged.ifiTheififirst,ifisocio-ecologicalifiresilience,ifihasifibenefitedififromifinumerousifipapersifiandifiisifibasedifionifiaifisystemifiapproachifioperatingifiinifiaifichangingifienvironmentifi(Adger,ifi2000;ifiFolke,ifiColdingifi&ifiBerkes,ifi2003;ifiHolling,ifi1973;Klein,ifiNichollsifi&ifiThomalla,ifi2003).ifiTheifisecond,ifiengineeringifiofifiresilienceifi(Hollnagel,ifiNemethifiandifiDekker,ifi2008 ),ifithe ifinaturalifievolut ionifiofifitheificonceptifiofifi preparedness,ifiappliesifitoifiorganizations.ifiDalzielifi&ifiMcManusifi(2004)ifidifferenciateifibetweenifitheseifitwoifitypesifiofifiresilienceifibyifiexplainingifithatifitheifiengineeringifiofifiresilienceificoncernsifitheifisystem'sifiperformanceifiandifiitsifiabilityifitoifireturnifitoifiorifimaintainifianifiacceptableifioperatingifisystem.ifiWhileifisocio-ecologicalifiresilienceificoncernsifitheifiimplementationifiofifiaifisystemificapableifiofifiprovidingifianifiacceptableififunctioningifiwithoutifibeingifinecessarilyifiefficient.ifiAsififorifisocio-ecologicalifiresilience,ifiHollingifi(1986)ifigivesifiaifibroadifidefinition:ifiÒtheificapacityifitoifileadifiaificontinuedifiexistenceifibyifiincorporatingifichangeÓ.ifiThisifidefinitionifiintroducesifiresilienceifikeyificoncept:ifiadaptation.ifiAnifiadaptationifithatificanifibeifiofifithreeifilevelsifi(Dalzielifi&ifiMcmanus,ifi2004):ifi1.ifiApplyifianifiexistingifiandifiavailableifiresponseifitoifisolveifitheifiproblem;ifi2.ifiApplyifianifiexistingifiresponseifiinifiaifinewificontext;ifi3.ifiApplyifiaifinewifiresponseifiinifiaifinewificontext.ifi

86ifiifiAdaptationifiisifianifiimportantificonceptifiinifitheififieldifiofifisocio-ecologicalifiresilience.ifiFolke,ifiColdingifi&ifiBerkesifi(2003)ifidescribeififourificriticalififactorsififorifiadaptation,ifiaificapacityifithatifiisifialsoifiquotedifibyifiKlein,ifiNichollsifi&ifiThomallaifi(2003)ifiasifiaifisystemifiproperty.ifiAdaptingifitheifisystemifitoifiitsifienvironmentifiisifiwhatifidistinguishe sifipreparednessififromifitheifistateifiofifiresi lience.ifiAnifiorganizationifithatifif ollowsifipreparedness,ifitakesifiintoifiaccountifiplans,ifiproceduresifiandifimeasuresifitoifibetterifirespondifiandifirecover,ifiwithoutifichangingifiitsifiorganizationalifistructure.ifiInifitheificaseifiofifiresilience,ifitheifisameifiorganizationifiwillifitryifitoifiadaptifitoifienvironmentalifichangesifi(disastersifiorifiothers)ifiandifitoifichangeifiitsifisystemifitoifimaintainifianifiacceptableififunctioning.ifi4.2ifiResilienceifiengineeringifiandifistateifiofifiresilience.ifiWithifitheifimostifirecentifistudiesificoncerningifiresilienceifiengineeringifi(Hollnagel,ifiNemeth,ifi&ifiDekker,ifi2008;ifiHollnagel,ifiWoods,ifi&ifiLeveson,ifi2006;ifiNemeth,ifiHollnagel,ifi&ifiDekker,ifi2009),ifiasifiwellifiasifitheifiresilienceifiprojectsifilaunchedifibyifidiff erentifigovernmentsifi(ISDR,ifi2009;ifiNa tionalifiInfrastructureifiAdvisoryifiCouncil,ifi2009;ifiOrganisationifideifilaifisŽcuritŽificivileifiduifiQuŽbecifi[OSCQ],ifi2009;ifiPublicifiSafetyifiCanada,ifi2009),ifitheificonceptifiofifipreparednessifiseemsifitoifibeifievolvingifitowardsifiaificonceptifiofifiresilience.ifiThisifinewificonceptifiexpandsifionifi theificonceptifiofifiprepa rednessifiandific oversifiaifirangeifiofifielementsifithatifihadifinotifibeenifitakenifiintoificonsiderationifibefore.ifiByifidefiningifiresilienceifiasifiÒaifisystemÕsificapacityifitoifimaintainifiorifirestore ifianifiac ceptableifilevelifiofififunct ioningifidespiteifiperturbationsifiorififailuresÓifi(Pinel,ifi2009;ifiourifitranslation),ifitheificonceptifiofifipreparednessificanifibeifibroadenifitoifiintegrateifinotifimerelyifianifiabilityifitoifiinterveneifiinifitheifieventifiofifiemergencyifiorifidisaster,ifibutifitheificonceptifiofifianticipation,ifimaintenanceifiandifiadaptationifiofifiactivities,ifiregardlessifiofifiwhatifimayifihappenifi(small-,ifimedium-ifiorifilarge-scaleifievents).ifiThisifidefinitionifiisifisimilarifiinifitheifideclarationifibyifitheifiPrimeifiMinisterifiofifiCanadaifiandifitheifiPresidentifiofifitheifiUnitedifiStatesifiofifiAmericaifi(Harperifi&ifiObama,ifi2011).ifiifiIndeed,ifitheifidefinitionifigivenifibyifithemifiisifiÒourifiabilityifitoifimitigate,ifirespondifito,ifiandifirecoverififromifidisruptionsÓifi(Harperifi&ifiObama,ifi2011).ifiTheifievaluationifiofifiresilienceifiandifiitsifistateifiimpliesifitheifineedifitoifiexplainifithisificonceptifiinififurtherifidetails.ifiResilienceifiisifibasedifion:ifi¥ificonceptsifiofifisystems,ifi¥ifitheifiabilityifitoifiadapt,ifi¥ifitheifiacceptabilityifiofifidifferentifikindsifiofifidisruptionsifiandififailuresifi(Robert,ifiHŽmond,ifi&ifiYan,ifi2010).ifi

87ifiifiTheifistateifiofifiresilienceifirequiresifiusifitoifidefineifiwhatificharacterizesifiitifiandifihowifianifiorganizationificanifibeifiinifithisifistate.ifiTheifiworksifibyifiHollnagelifietifial.ifi(2006,ifi2008)ififocusifithisifidebateifionifianifiorganizationÕsifi(orifisystemÕs)ifiadaptabilityifiinifitheififaceifiofifiaifichangingifienvironment.ifiTheifiadaptabilityifiofifianifiorganizationifiorifigroupifiofifiorganizationsifiandifitheifiwayifiinifiwhichifiitifishouldifibeifievaluatedificonstituteifitheififirstifimajorifichallengesififorifitheifiemergingififieldifi ofifiresil ienceifienginee ringifiappliedifitoifiorganizat ions.ifiIndeed,ifimeasuringifihowifiaificomplexifisystemifithatifiisifiinterrelatedifiwithifiotherifisystemsificanifiadaptifitoifidifferentifisituationsifirepresentsifiaifisignificantifiscientificifiproblem.ifiTheifievolutionifiof ifipreparednessifitowardifires ilience ifiraisesifinumerousifiother,ifiequallyifim ajor,ifichallenges.ifiFirstifiofifiall,ifiin-depthifiknowledgeifiofifitheifisystemifiisifinecessary,ifiasifiitifiallowsifioneifitoifibetterifidefineifitheificharacteristicsifirelatedifitoifiresilienceifiandifianticipation.ifiKnowingifiwhatifiinformationifiisifineededifiandifiwhatifiisifinotifiisifianifiinterestingifiresearchifiproblem.ifiInformationificoncernifitheificompositionifiofifitheifisystemifiandifithatifientersifidirectlyifiintoifitheifiresilience,ififorifiexample,ifisystemifivulnerabilities,ifitheifikeyifiresourcesifiused,ifietc.ifiAsifiwell,ifiasifimentionedifiabove,ifithisifiknowledgeifimustifiallowifiusifitoifianalyzeifiandifievaluateifianifiorganizationÕsifiorifigroupifiofifiorganizationsÕifiadaptability.ifiAdaptabilityifileadsifitoifiaifimeasureifiofifiresilience.ifiThisifikindifiofifimeasurementifimustifibeifiongoingifiandifineedsifitoifiintegrateifitheifitemporalifinatureifiofifitheifistate,ifisinceifitheifienvironmentifiandifitheifisystemifiareificonstantlyifichanging.ifiToificonclude,ifiallifiofifitheseificonceptsifimustificulminateifiinifitheifielementsifiofifiacceptabilityifiandifitheifidefinitionifiofifianifiacceptableifilevelifiofififunctioning.ifiAcceptabilityifipresupposesifithatifitheifielementsifimakingifiupifianifiorganizationifithatificouldifiendifiinififailureifiareifiknownifiandifiacceptedifibyifiallifistakeholders.ifiThisifimayifiappearifitrivial,ifibutifiacceptingififailuresifiisifinoifisimpleifimatter.ifiTheseifinumerousifichallengesifiwillifistimulateififutureifistudiesifiofifiorganizationalifiresilienceifiandifihowifiitifishouldifibeifievaluated.ifiThisifikindifiofifiworkifishouldifiproveififruitfulifiandifileadifitoifiaificompleteifiredefinitionifiofifiemergencyifiandifidisasterifimeasuresifimanagement.ifi5.ifiConclusionifiEverifisinceifitheifiHyogoifiConferenceifiinifi2005,ifitheifiresilienceifiofificommunitiesifiand,ifibyifiextension,ifiofifiorganizationsifihasifiincreasinglyificomeifi toifireplaceifit heificonceptifiofifidisasterifipreparedness.ifi Manyifigovernmentsifihaveifiinitiatedifiworkifiinifithisifiregard;ifiresearchersifitooifihaveifibeenifiworkingifitoifiunderstandifiandifidevelopifitheificonceptifiandifiprovideifitoolsifithatifiwillifihelpifiorganizationsifibeifimoreifiresilient.ifiTheifievolutionifiof ifitheificonceptifiofifiprepare dnessifitoifi theifistateifi ofifiresilienceifiinifit heificontext ifiofifiengineeringifiresilienceifiwi llifihelpifiorganizationsifibetterifiunderstandifithe irifioperationifiandifitheifi

88ifiifienvironmentifiinifiwhichifitheyifioperate.ifiPreparingifiemergencyifimeasuresifiinifianifiallifihazardifiapproachifiassumesifiallifiriskifiisifibestifirepresentedifibyifitheifistudyifiofifitheificonsequencesifithatifimustifibeifimanaged.ifiTheifiorganizationifimustifilearnifitoifiadaptifitoifiaifichangingifienvironmentifithatifigeneratesifiimpactsifiatifidifferentifilevels,ifibothifipositiveifiandifinegative.ifiRecentifiresearchifiinifit hisififieldifiisifialsoifistudyi ngificooperat ionifiandifitheifiinterrel ationifiofifidifferentifiorganizationsifiinifiorderifitoifibeifimoreifiresilient.ifiTheifiinterdependencyifiofifiourificriticalifiinfrastructuresifiandifiofifidifferentifigovernmentifiagenciesifiisifinowifiwellifiknown.ifiTheifiresilienceifiapproach,ificombinedifiwithifiadaptability,ifishouldifibeifiappliedifionifitheifigroundifibyifit heifiorganizations ifithatifim anageifiemergencyifimeasuresififorifitheifipopulation,ifiinifiotherifiwords,ifimunicipalitiesifiworkingifitogetherifiwithifitheifiownersifiofificriticalifiinfrastructures.ifiThreeifikeyifichallengesifiwereifipresentedifiinifitheifipreviousifisection:ifi1.ifiEvaluatingifianifiorganizationÕsifiadaptability,ifi2.ifiGainingifiin-depthifiknowledgeifiofifiaifisystemifiandifichoosingifitheifirightifiinformation,ifi3.ifiContinuouslyifimeasuringifiresilience.ifiByifiaddressingifitheseifichallenges,ifiitifishouldifibeifipossibleifitoifidevelopifiresilienceifiindicatorsifithatifiwillifienableificommunitiesifitoifibetterifihandleifitheifivariousifidisruptiveifieventsifithatifimayifiariseifiandifithusifitoifibetterifiprotectifitheifipeopleifiexposedifitoifisuchifievents.ifi6.ifiReferencesifiAdger,ifiW.ifiN.ifi(2000).ifiSocialifiandifiecologicalifiresilience:ifiareifitheyifirelated?ifiProgressifiinifiHumanifiGeography,ifiVol.ifi24,ifiNo.ifi3,ifipp.ifi347-364.ifiBusinessifiContinuityifiInstituteifi(BCI).ifi(2010).ifiGoodifipracticeifiguidelinesifi2010ifiÐifiGlobalifiedition.ifiCaversham:UnitedifiKingdom.ifiBritishifiStandardsifiInstitutionifi(BSI).ifi(2006).ifiBusinessifiContinuityifiManagementifiÐifiPartifi1:ifiCodeifiofifiPractice,ifiBS25999-1:2006.ifiReston,ifiVA:ifiBSIifiManagementifiSystemsifiAmericaifiInc.ifiCanadianifiStandardsifiAssociationifi(CSA).ifi(2008).ifiProgrammesifideifigestionifidesifimesuresifidÕurgenceifietifideificontinuitŽifidesifiactivitŽs,ifiZ1600-08.ifiMississauga,ifiON:ifiCSA.ifi

89ifiifiConseilifipourifilaifirŽductionifidesifiaccidentsifiindustrielsifimajeursifi(CRAIM).ifi(2007).ifiGuideifideifigestionifidesifirisquesifidÕaccidentsifiindustrielsifimajeursifiˆifilÕintentionifidesifimunicipalitŽsifietifideifilÕindustrie.ifiMontreal,ifiQC:ifiCRAIM.ifiDalziell,ifiE.P .,ifiMcManus,ifiS.T .ifi(2004)ifiResilience,ifiVulnerabil ity,ifiandifiAdapt iveifi Capacity:ifiImplicationsififorifiSystemifiPerformance.ifiS toos,ifiSwi tzerland:ifi1stifiInternational ifiForumififorifiEngineeringifiDecisionifiMakingifi(IFED),ifi5-8ifiDecifi2004.ifi17ifipp.ifiDepartmentifiofifiHomelandifiSecurityifi(DHS).ifi(2006).ifiNationalifiPlanningifiScenario.ifiWashington,ifiDC:ifiDHS.ifiDepartmentifiofifiHomelandifiSecurityifi(DHS).ifi(2007).ifiTargetifiCapabilitiesifiListifiÐifiAifiCompanionifitoifitheifiNationalifiPreparednessifiGuidelines.ifiWashington,ifiDC:ifiDHS.ifiDepartmentifiofifiHomelandifiSecurityifi(DHS).ifi(2008 ).ifiNationalifiIncidentifiManageme ntifiSystem.ifiWashington,ifiDC:ifiDHS.ifiDepartmentifiofifiHomelandifiSecurityifi(DHS).ifi(2008b).ifiNationalifiResponseifiFramework.ifiWashington,ifiDC:ifiDHS.ifiDepartmentifiofifiHomelandifiSecurityifi(D HS).ifi(2010).ifiDH Sifi|ifiHomelandifi Security ifiPresidentialifiDirectiveifi5:ifiManagementifiofifiDomesticifi Incidents .ifiAva ilableifiat:ifihttp://www.dhs.gov/xabout/laws/gc_1214592333605.shtmô1ifi(accessedifiNovemberifi1,ifi2010).ifiFederalifiEmergencyifiManagementifiAgencyifi(FEMA).ifi(2009).ifiTheifiFederalifiPreparednessifiReport.ifiWashington,ifiDC:ifiDHS.ifiFederalifiEmergencyifiManagementifiAgencyifi(FEMA).ifi(2010).ifiFEMA:ifiFEMAifiHistory.ifiAvailableifiat:ifihttp://www.fema.gov/about/history.shtmifi(accessedifiNovemberifi1,ifi2010).ifiFolke,ifiC.,ifiColding,ifiJ.,ifi&ifiBerkes,ifiF.ifi(2003).ifiSynthesis:ifiBuildingifiresilienceifiandifiadaptiveificapacityifiinifisoci al-ecologicalifisystems.ifiInifiF.ifiBerkesifi(E d.),ifiNavigatingifisocial-ecologicalifisystemsifiBuildingifiresilience ififorificomplexityifiandifichangeifi(pp.ifi352-387).ifiNe w-York.ifiCambridge ifiUniversityifiPress.ifiHarper,ifiS.ifi&ifiObama,ifiB.ifi(2011).ifiBeyondifitheifiBorder:ifiaifisharedifivisionififorifiperimeterifisecurityifiandifieconomicificompetitiveness.ifiAifideclarationifibyifitheifiPrimeifiMinisterifiofifiCanadaifiandifitheifiPresidentifi

90ifiifiofifitheifiU nitedifiStatesifiofifiAmerica.ifihttp://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=3938ifi(accessedifiFebruaryifi22,ifi2011).ifiHolling,ifiC.ifiS.ifi(1973).ifiResilienceifiandifistabilityifiofifiecologicalifisystems.ifiAnnualifireviewifiofificologyifiandifisystemics,ifiVol.ifi4,ifipp.ifi1-23.ifiHolling,ifiC.ifiS.ifi1986:ifiTheifiresilienceifiofifiterrestrialifiecosystems:ifilocalifisurpriseifiandifiglobalifichange.ifiInifiClark,ifiW.C.ifiandifiMunn,ifiR.E.,ifieditors,ifiSustainableifidevelopmentifiofifitheifibiosphere,ifiCambridge:ifiCambridgeifiUniversityifiPress,ifi292Ð317.ifiHollnagel,ifiE.,ifi Nemeth,ifi C.ifiP.ifiandifiDekker,ifiS.ifi(2008).ifiResilienceifiEngineeringifiPerspectives ,ifiVolumeifi1:ifiRemainingifiSensitiveifitoifitheifiPossibilityifiofifiFailure.ifiFarnham,ifiUK:ifiAshgate.ifiHollnagel,ifiE.,ifiWoods,ifiD.ifiD.ifi&ifiLe veson,ifiN.ifi(2006).ifi ResilienceifiEngineering:ifiConceptsifiandifiPrecepts.ifiFarnham,ifiUK:ifiAshgate.ifiInternationalifiOrganizationififorifiStandardizationifi(ISO).ifi(2006).ifiEmergencyifiPreparednessifiÐifiƒtatifideifiprŽparationifienificasifideificatastrophesifi(IWAifi5).ifiGeneva:ifiISO.ifiInternationalifiOrganizationififorifiStandardizationifi(ISO).ifi(2007).ifiSocietalifisecurityifiÐifiGuidelineififorifiIncidentifiPreparednessifiandifiOperationalifiContinuityifiManagement,ifiISO/PASifi22399.ifiGeneva:ifiISO.ifiInternationalifiStrategyififorifiDisasterifiReductionifi(ISDR).ifi(2008).ifiIndicatorsifiofifiProgress:ifiGuidanceifionifiMeas uringifitheifiReductionifiofifi DisasterifiR isksifiandifitheifiImplementationifiofifitheifiHyogoifiFrameworkififorifiAction.ifiGeneva:ifiUnitedifiNations.ifiInternationalifiStrategyififorifiDisaste rifiReductionifi(ISDR).ifi(2009).ifiImplementingifitheifiHyogoifiFrameworkififorifiActionifiinifiEuropeifiÐifiAdvancesifiandifiChallenges.ifiGeneva:ifiUnitedifiNations.ifiKlein,ifiR.ifiJ.ifiT.,ifiNicholls,ifiR.ifiJ.,ifi&ifiThomalla,ifiF.ifi(2003).ifiResilienceifitoifinaturalifihazards:ifihowifiusefulifiisifithisificoncept?ifiGlobalifiEnvironmentalifiChangeifiPartifiBifiEnvironmentalifiHazards,ifiVol.ifi5,ifiNo.ifi1-2,ifipp.ifi35-45.ifiMcEntire,ifiD.ifiA.ifi&ifiMyers,ifiA.ifi(2004).ifiPreparingificommunitiesififorifidisaster:ifiIssuesifiandifiprocessesififorifigovernmentifireadiness.ifiDisasterifiPreventionifiandifiManagement,ifiVol.ifi13,ifiNo.ifi2,ifipp.ifi140-152.ifi

92ifiifiRobert,ifiB.,ifiHŽmond,ifiY.ifi&ifiYan,ifiG .ifi(2010).ifiLՎval uationifide ifilaifirŽsili enceifiorgani sa tionnelle.ifiTŽlescope,ifiVol.ifi16,ifiNo.ifi2,ifipp.ifi131-153.ifiRobert,ifiB.,ifiMorabito,ifiL.ifi&ifiQuenneville,ifiO.ifi(2007)ifiTheifipreventiveifiapproachifitoifirisksifirelatedifitoifiinterdependentifiinfrastructures.ifiInternationalifijournalifiofifiemergencyifimanagement.ifiVol.ifi4,ifiNo.ifi2,ifipp.166Ð182.ifiSimpson,ifiD.ifiM.ifi(2004).ifiDisasterifipreparednessifimeasures:ifiTestificaseifidevelopmentifiandifiapplication.ifiPreliminaryifiversionifisubmittedififorifipublication.ifiSimpson,ifiD.ifiM.ifi(2006).ifiIndicatorifiIssuesifiandifiProposedifiFrameworkififorifiaifiDisasterifiPreparednessifiIndexifi(DPi).ifiLoui sville,ifiKY:ifiCenterififorifiHazardsifiRe searchifiandifiPolicyifi Development,ifiUniversityifiofifiLouisville,ifiWorkingifipaperifi06-03.ifiSimpson,ifiD.ifiM.ifi(2008).ifiDisas terifiprepa rednessifim eas ures:ifiAifitestificaseifidevelopmentifi andifiapplication.ifiDisasterifiPreventionifiandifiManagement,ifiVol.ifi17,ifiNo.ifi5,ifipp.ifi645-661.ifiSimpson,ifiD.ifiM.ifi&ifiCovington,ifiJ .ifi(2006).ifiAnifiOver viewifiofifiDisasterifiPreparednessifi Literat ure:ifiBuildingifiBlocksififorifianifi AppliedifiBayifiAreaifiTemplat e.ifiLoui sville,ifiKY:ifiCenterififorifiHazardsifiResearchifiandifiPolicyifiDevelopment,ifiUniversityifiofifiLouisville,ifiWorkingifipaperifi06-02.ifiStandingifiSenateifiCommi tteeifionifiNationalifiSecurit yifiandifiDefenceifi(SCONSAD).ifi(2008).ifiLaifiprotectionificivileifiauifiCanadaifiÐificommentifileifibelifiartifideifilaifilangueifideifiboisifietifideifilaifiprocrastinationifientraveifilesifigensifiquiifivoudrontifivousifiaiderifiquandifileifipireifisurviendra.ifiOttawa,ifiON:ifiSenateifiofifiCanada.ifiSutton,ifiJ.ifi&ifiTierney,ifiK.ifi(2006).ifiDisasterifiPreparedness:ifiConcepts,ifiGuidance,ifiandifiResearch.ifiReportifipreparedififorifi theifiFritzifiInsti tuteifiAs sessingifiDis asterifiPreparednessifiConf erence,ifiSebastopol,ifiCA,ifiNovemberifi3ifiandifi4.ifiUnitedifiNations.ifi(2005).ifiReportifiofifitheifiWorldifiConf erenceifi onifiDisasterifi Reduction.ifiWorl difiConferenceifionifiDisasterifiReduction.ifiKobe,ifiHyogo,ifiJapan,ifi18-22ifiJanuaryifi2005.ifiifi

93ifiifiANNEXEifi2ifiÐifiEVALUATIONifiOFifiSTATEifiOFifiRESILIENCEifiFORifiAifiCRITICALifiINFRASTRUCTUREifiINifiAifiCONTEXTifiOFifiINTERDEPENDENCIESifiifiAnnexeifi2ifi-ifiHŽmond,ifiY.,ifi&ifiRobert,ifiB.ifi(2012).ifiEvaluationifiofifistateifiofifiresilienceififorifiaificriticalifiinfrastructureifiinifiaificontextifiofifiinterdependencies.ifiInternationalifiJournalifiofifiCriticalifiInfrastructures,ifi8(2/3),ifi95Ð106.ifiAbstractÑifiTheificonceptifiofifiresilienceifiwasifiputififorwardifibyifitheifiHyogoifiFrameworkifiinifi2005.ifiItifiintroducedifiaifinewifiapproachifit oifiprotecti ngificritical ifiinfrastructuresifiandifiundersta ndingifitheirifiinterdependencies.ifiResilience,ifiparticularlyifiorganizationalifiresilience,ifiisifidefinedifiasifiÒaifisystemÕsificapacityifitoifimaintainifiorifirestore ifianifiac ceptableifilevelifiofififunctioningifide spi teifiperturbationsifiorififailuresÓifi[2].ifiWhenifianifiorganizationifiengagesifiinifiaifiresilienceifiprocess,ifiitifibecomesifinecessaryifitoifievaluateifiandifimeasureifiaifista teifiofifiresilience,ifiaifist ateifit hatifiwillifileadifitoifiknowifitheifistrengthsifia ndifiweaknessesifionifiwhichifitheifiorganizationificanifiact.ifiTheifimethodologyifitoifievaluateifiaifistateifiofifiresilienceifiisifibasedifionifithreeifiimportantificoncepts:ifiwhatifitoifianticipateifi(monitoring),ifiwhatifitoifiplan,ifiandifiwhatifitoifimaintain.ifiTwoifielementsifiareififiligreeifiimplied:ifiknowledgeifiandifiadaptation.ifi Knowledgeifi isifitheifikeystoneififorifiaifibetterifi stateifiofifiresilienceifia ndifiisifiprovidedifibyifitheifidevelopedifimethodology.ifiAdaptationifigivesifimeaningifitoifiresilienceifiinifitermsifiofifitime.ifiInififact,ifianifiorganizationifimustifibeifiableifitoifiadaptifiitsifiinternalifienvironmentifitoificopeifiwithifitheifiexternalifienvironmentifiwhichifiisificonstantlyifichanging.ifiTheificollaborationifiwithifi17ifiDepartmentsifiandifiPartnerifiAgenciesifiofifiTheifiMinistryifiofifiPublicifiSecurityifi(MPS)ifiinifiQuebec,ifithatifirepresentifidifferentifisectorsifiofificriticalifiinfrastructure,ifihaveifimadeifipossibleifianifiinitialifiportraitifiofifieachifisectorifiandifitheifiessentialifiresourcesifitheyifiprovide.ifiThisifiportraitifiprovidesifianifiinitialifiassessmentifiofifitheifistateifiofifiresilience.ifiINTRODUCTIONifiINifi2005,ifitheifiUnitedifiNationsifi(UN)ifiadoptedifitheifiHyogoifiFrameworkififorifiActionifi[1],ifiwhichifihasifilaunchedifiaifiseriesifiofifigovernmentifiactionsifitoifiimproveificommunityifiresilience.ifiTheseifiactionsifihaveifi

94ifiifienabledifiseveralifiresearchersififromifiaroundifitheifiworldifitoifiputifiresearchifiintoifipractice,ifiaifiworkifithatififorifisomeifibeganifialreadyifiaififewifiyearsifiago.ifiDuringifitheifisameifiperiod,ificertainifieventsifihaveifihighlightedifitheifiimportanceifiofifiworkingifionificriticalifiinfrastructureifiprotection,ifiincludingifi9/11,ifitheifiblackoutifiofifitheifiEasternifiUnitedifiStatesifiandifiOntarioifiinifi2003ifiorifiK atri naifiinifi2005.ifiTheseifieventsifidemonstratedifitheifineedifitoifiensureifisatisfactoryificriticalifiinfrastructuresifi(CIs).ifiTheseifiCIs,ifiespeciallyifitheifiinterdependenceifibetweenifithem,ifiimplyifiaificomplexifisystemifithatifishouldifibeifiactedifiupon.ifiResilience,ifiandifimoreifispecificallyifiorganizationalifiresilience,ifiallowifitoififoreseeificoncreteifiresultsifiinquotesdbs_dbs21.pdfusesText_27

[PDF] Génie logiciel - Université de Rennes 1

[PDF] Génie Logiciel - Principes et Techniques - Lipn

[PDF] Génie Mécanique

[PDF] Cours 4 Les méthodes de datation radiochronologiques dt dP dt dP

[PDF] Ateliers GeoGebra 44

[PDF] terminale S GEO Thème 3 L'Amérique puissance du - HISTOgraphie

[PDF] Proposition pédagogique sur le Brésil, une puissance émergente

[PDF] Terminale S Option Histoire/Géographie

[PDF] Rappels de géologie niveau 1°S pour la Terminale S 1 Structure de

[PDF] CAPES SVT - 2011

[PDF] cours geologie - usthb

[PDF] Géométrie dans l'espace - Lycée d'Adultes

[PDF] Relations internationales et géopolitiques

[PDF] formation en gestion administrative et financiere des - MdSC

[PDF] CHAPITRE 2 – GESTION DE L'APPROVISIONNEMENT