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Texas Instruments Holland B.V.

Rutherfordweg 102

3542 CG Utrecht-The NetherlandsTexas Instruments U.S.A.

7800 Banner Dr.

Dallas TX. 75251

www.ti.com/calc© 1997 Texas Instruments TI-89 / TI-92 Plus Developer Guide

Beta Version .02Back

FrontSpine

5.31" 8.07"

Variable

spine

© 2000, 2001 Texas Instruments Incorporated

, TI-GRAPH LINK, and TI FLASH Studio are trademarks of Texas Instruments Incorporated.

Sierra C is a trademark of Sierra Systems.

Important information

Texas Instruments makes no warranty, either expressed or implied, including but not limited to any implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, regarding any programs or book materials and makes such materials available solely on an "as-is" basis. In no event shall Texas Instruments be liable to anyone for special, collateral, incidental, or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the purchase or use of these materials, and the sole and exclusive liability of Texas Instruments, regardless of the form of action, shall not exceed the purchase price of this product. Moreover, Texas Instruments shall not be liable for any claim of any kind whatsoever against the use of these materials by any other party. The latest version of this Guide, along with all other up-to-date information for developers, is available at www.ti.com/calc/developers/. i TI-89 / TI-92 Plus Developer GuideNot for DistributionBeta Version January 26, 2001

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ..............................................................................................1

1.1. Purpose of this Guide...........................................................................................1

1.2. Chapter Layout.....................................................................................................1

1.3. Conventions Used in this Guide...........................................................................3

2. The 68000 TI AMS Operating System Overview......................................5

3. The TI-89 / TI-92 Plus Hardware Overview..............................................7

3.1. Overview ..............................................................................................................7

3.2. Memory Map ........................................................................................................8

3.2.1. Vector Table...........................................................................................................9

3.3. ASIC registers....................................................................................................11

4. User Interface Overview.........................................................................15

4.1. Windows.............................................................................................................15

4.2. Menus ................................................................................................................16

4.2.1. Toolbars................................................................................................................17

4.2.2. Pop-ups................................................................................................................17

4.2.2.1. Static Pop-ups .........................................................................................17

4.2.2.2. Dynamic Pop-ups ....................................................................................18

4.2.2.3. Dynamic Pop-ups with Menu Features....................................................18

4.3. Dialog Boxes......................................................................................................18

4.4. Fonts ..................................................................................................................19

4.5. The Status Line..................................................................................................22

5. Flash Applications vs. ASM Programs...................................................23

6. Assembly Language Programming Overview ........................................25

6.1. What are ASM Programs? .................................................................................25

6.2. Hardware Stack..................................................................................................25

6.3. Register Usage ..................................................................................................25

6.4. Calling Flash-ROM-Resident Routines ..............................................................26

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6.5. Subroutine Linkage ............................................................................................27

6.6. Sample ASM Program .......................................................................................29

7. Flash Application Layout........................................................................31

7.1. File Format.........................................................................................................31

7.1.1. Flash Header........................................................................................................31

7.1.2. Certificate Header.................................................................................................32

7.1.3. Application Header...............................................................................................33

7.1.3.1. Magic Number .........................................................................................33

7.1.3.2. Internal Application Name .......................................................................33

7.1.3.3. Flags........................................................................................................34

7.1.3.4. Length of Data Segment..........................................................................34

7.1.3.5. Byte Offset to Code Segment..................................................................34

7.1.3.6. Byte Offset to Initial Data Table...............................................................34

7.1.3.7. Length of Initial Data Table......................................................................35

7.1.3.8. Optional Header ......................................................................................35

7.1.4. Relocation Map.....................................................................................................35

7.1.5. Application Code ..................................................................................................35

7.1.6. Initial Data Table...................................................................................................35

7.1.7. Signature..............................................................................................................36

7.2. Layout in Memory...............................................................................................36

7.3. Source Layout....................................................................................................38

7.3.1. Interactive Applications.........................................................................................38

7.3.1.1. FRAME....................................................................................................39

7.3.1.2. Pointer to FRAME....................................................................................40

7.3.1.3. Object Frame Attributes...........................................................................40

7.3.1.3.1. Attribute OO_APP_FLAGS (0x1).........................................................40

7.3.1.3.2. Attribute OO_APP_NAME (0x2)..........................................................41

7.3.1.3.3. Attribute OO_APP_TOK_NAME (0x3).................................................41

7.3.1.3.4. Method OO_APP_PROCESS_EVENT (0x4) ......................................41

7.3.1.3.5. Attribute OO_APP_DEFAULT_MENU (0x5) .......................................42

7.3.1.3.6. Attribute OO_APP_DEFAULT_MENU_HANDLE (0x6).......................42

7.3.1.3.7. Attribute OO_APP_EXT_COUNT (0x7)...............................................42

7.3.1.3.8. Attribute OO_APP_EXTENSIONS (0x8) .............................................42

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7.3.1.3.9. Attribute OO_APP_EXT_ENTRIES (0x9)............................................42

7.3.1.3.10. Method OO_APP_LOCALIZE (0xA)..................................................43

7.3.1.3.11. Method OO_APP_UNLOCALIZE (0xB).............................................43

7.3.1.3.12. Method OO_APP_CAN_DELETE (0xC)............................................43

7.3.1.3.13. Method OO_APP_CAN_MOVE (0xD)...............................................43

7.3.1.3.14. Method OO_APP_VIEWER (0xE).....................................................44

7.3.1.3.15. Attribute OO_APP_ICON (0xF).........................................................44

7.3.1.3.16. Method OO_APP_EXT_HELP (0x10) ...............................................44

7.3.1.3.17. Method OO_APP_NOTICE_INSTALL (0x11)....................................44

7.3.1.3.18. Method OO_APP_ABOUT (0x12) .....................................................44

7.3.1.3.19. Attribute OO_APPSTRING (0x1000 and up).....................................45

7.3.1.4. Example...................................................................................................45

7.3.2. TI

-BASIC Extensions............................................................................................48

7.3.3. Shared-Code Library............................................................................................51

7.3.3.1. Creating the Library Interface..................................................................51

7.3.3.2. Accessing a Library .................................................................................53

7.3.3.3. Frame Description Language ..................................................................53

7.3.4. Language Localization..........................................................................................56

7.3.4.1. Localizer Template ..................................................................................56

7.3.4.2. How Localization Works ..........................................................................60

8. Integrating a Flash Application...............................................................63

8.1. Mode Settings ....................................................................................................63

8.1.1. Mode Notification Flags........................................................................................63

8.1.1.1. Modifying Mode Settings Within an App..................................................64

8.1.1.2. MO_option Array and Settings ................................................................64

8.2. Switching to the Home Screen...........................................................................66

8.3. Catalog...............................................................................................................67

8.3.1. Built-in Functions and Commands........................................................................67

8.3.2. User-Defined Functions and Programs................................................................67

8.3.3. Flash App Extensions...........................................................................................69

8.4. Interfacing with TI-BASIC...................................................................................70

8.5. Verifying the OS Version....................................................................................74

8.6. Optimizing Code Space .....................................................................................75

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8.7. VAR-LINK...........................................................................................................76

9. Application Control Flow.........................................................................77

9.1. Event-Driven Architecture ..................................................................................77

9.2. Event Structure Layout.......................................................................................78

9.3. Commands.........................................................................................................79

9.4. Starting and Stopping an Application.................................................................84

9.5. Keyboard Events................................................................................................85

9.6. Menu Processing ...............................................................................................85

9.6.1. Static Menus.........................................................................................................86

9.6.2. Dynamic Menus....................................................................................................87

9.7. Paint Events.......................................................................................................88

9.8. Background Events............................................................................................88

9.9. Default Event Handler........................................................................................88

9.9.1. CM_KEY_PRESS.................................................................................................88

9.9.2. CM_PASTE_STRING...........................................................................................91

9.9.3. CM_PASTE_HANDLE..........................................................................................92

9.9.4. CM_STO...............................................................................................................92

9.9.5. CM_RCL...............................................................................................................92

9.9.6. CM_DEACTIVATE ...............................................................................................92

9.9.7. CM_ACTIVATE ....................................................................................................92

9.10. Installing, Moving, and Deleting an Application................................................92

10. Error Handling......................................................................................95

10.1. Throwing an Error..........................................................................................95

10.2. Delayed Error Messages ...............................................................................95

10.3. Throwing Your Own Errors ............................................................................96

10.4. Catching Errors..............................................................................................97

10.5. Cleaning Up...................................................................................................97

10.6. Caveats..........................................................................................................98

10.6.1. Jumping Out of TRY Blocks..........................................................................98

10.6.2. Referencing Auto Variables in ONERR/FINALLY Blocks..............................99

10.6.3. Where Not to Throw Errors ...........................................................................99

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11. Creating the User Interface................................................................101

11.1. Common Screen Components.....................................................................101

11.1.1. Screen/Window Regions and Coordinates..................................................101

11.1.2. BITMAP.......................................................................................................102

11.1.3. ICON ...........................................................................................................102

11.2. Windows ......................................................................................................102

11.2.1. Window Regions and Coordinates..............................................................103

11.2.2. Window Routines ........................................................................................104

11.3. Menus..........................................................................................................105

11.3.1. Menu-Draw Structure..................................................................................106

11.3.2. Menu IDs.....................................................................................................106

11.3.3. Menu Routines............................................................................................106

11.4. Dialog Boxes................................................................................................108

11.4.1. Dialog Routines...........................................................................................108

11.4.2. Dialog Fields................................................................................................109

11.4.2.1. Field Index ...............................................................................................109

11.4.2.2. DYNPOPUP.............................................................................................109

11.4.2.3. EDIT_FIELD.............................................................................................109

11.4.2.4. HEADER..................................................................................................110

11.4.2.5. HEDIT......................................................................................................110

11.4.2.6. HPOPUP..................................................................................................110

11.4.2.7. MENU ......................................................................................................110

11.4.2.8. POPUP ....................................................................................................111

11.4.2.9. SCROLL_REGION ..................................................................................111

11.4.2.10. TEXT......................................................................................................112

11.4.2.11. XFLAGS.................................................................................................112

11.4.3. Dialog Flags ................................................................................................113

11.4.4. Dialog Call-Backs........................................................................................114

11.5. Resource Compiler......................................................................................115

11.5.1. DIALOG Boxes............................................................................................117

11.5.2. MENUs........................................................................................................118

11.5.3. POPUPs......................................................................................................119

11.6. Example.......................................................................................................120

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11.6.1. Files in Example and Explanation of Details...............................................123

12. Basic Text Editing Facility ..................................................................127

12.1. How to Edit Text...........................................................................................127

12.2. Simple Text Edit Example............................................................................128

12.3. Clipboard .....................................................................................................129

13. Memory Management ........................................................................131

13.1. The Heap (Dynamic RAM Storage).............................................................131

13.2. File System..................................................................................................132

13.2.1. Opening Multiple Files for WRITE Mode.....................................................133

13.3. Managing Variables.....................................................................................134

13.3.1. Normal Symbol Routines.............................................................................136

13.3.2. Storing and Retrieving Variable Data..........................................................137

13.3.2.1. Store and Recall Look-up Paths..............................................................138

13.3.2.2. Recall Look-up Path.................................................................................138

13.3.2.3. Store Look-up Path..................................................................................139

13.3.2.4. HSYM VarRecall (BYTE *

Var, RECALL_FLAGS Flags)..........................139

13.3.2.5. HSYM VarStore (BYTE *

DestVar, WORD Flags,

WORD SourceSize [, parm1] [, parm2] [, parm3] . . . )..........................141

13.3.2.6. General Data Storage..............................................................................142

13.3.2.7. System Functions ....................................................................................143

13.3.3. Low-Level Routines.....................................................................................143

13.3.3.1. Utilities .....................................................................................................144

13.3.3.2. Low-Level Folder Routines......................................................................144

13.3.3.3. Low-Level Symbol Routines ....................................................................144

14. Data Types.........................................................................................145

14.1. Expression...................................................................................................147

14.1.1. Non-Negative or Negative Integers.............................................................147

14.1.2. Positive or Negative Fractions.....................................................................147

14.1.3. Floating-Point Numbers...............................................................................148

14.1.4. All Other Tags Not Listed Here ...................................................................148

14.2. List ...............................................................................................................148

14.3. Matrix...........................................................................................................149

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14.4. Data Variable...............................................................................................150

14.5. Text Variable................................................................................................151

14.6. String Variable .............................................................................................151

14.7. Graph Database ..........................................................................................152

14.8. Bitmap PIC Images......................................................................................156

14.9. Tokenized Programs and Functions............................................................157

14.10. Programs and Functions in Text Format ...................................................159

14.11. Third Party Data.........................................................................................160

14.12. Assembly Program.....................................................................................160

15. Expressions and the Expression Stack..............................................161

15.1. Overview......................................................................................................161

15.2. Contiguous Tokenized Polish Representation.............................................161

15.2.1. Tags ............................................................................................................162

15.2.2. Numbers......................................................................................................163

15.2.3. Variables, Units and Physical Constants.....................................................165

15.2.4. Other Constants..........................................................................................166

15.2.5. One-argument Tags....................................................................................167

15.2.6. Two-argument Tags....................................................................................167

15.2.7. Tags That Take More Than Two or a Variable Number of Arguments ......168

15.2.8. Lists and Matrices .......................................................................................169

15.2.9. Primary, Secondary, and Command Tags..................................................169

15.2.10. User and Application Defined Functions and Programs............................170

15.3. External Versus Internal Tokenized Polish..................................................170

15.4. Most Main Ordering and Internal Representations of

Exponentiation, Multiplication, and Addition ................................................172

15.5. The Expression Stack..................................................................................174

15.6. An Example of Working on the EStack........................................................175

15.6.1. Estack Arguments and Results...................................................................176

15.6.2. Estack Calculations.....................................................................................177

15.7. Working With Lists.......................................................................................178

16. Working with Numbers.......................................................................181

16.1. Overview......................................................................................................181

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16.2. Rational System vs. Float System...............................................................181

16.3. EXACT/APPROX/AUTO Modes..................................................................182

16.4. Floating Point Numbers ...............................................................................183

16.5. Rational Numbers........................................................................................185

16.6. EStack Arithmetic.........................................................................................185

16.7. Complex Numbers.......................................................................................186

17. Graphing ............................................................................................189

17.1. The Graph Screen .......................................................................................189

17.2. Working with the Graph Application.............................................................190

17.3. Two Graph Mode.........................................................................................192

17.4. Graphing Functions .....................................................................................193

17.5. Graph Application Memory Usage...............................................................194

17.6. Available Graph System Routines and Global Variables.............................195

18. TI FLASH Studio (IDE) Overview.......................................................199

18.1. Introduction..................................................................................................199

18.2. Development System...................................................................................199

18.2.1. Requirements..............................................................................................199

18.2.2. Installation...................................................................................................200

18.2.3. Compiler/Assembler/Linker.........................................................................201

18.2.4. Simulator/Debugger ....................................................................................201

18.2.5. IDE Overview ..............................................................................................201

18.2.6. Uninstalling..................................................................................................203

18.2.7. Support........................................................................................................203

18.2.8. References..................................................................................................203

18.3. TI FLASH Studio Interface...........................................................................204

18.3.1. File Menu.....................................................................................................205

18.3.2. Edit Menu....................................................................................................206

18.3.3. View Menu...................................................................................................207

18.3.4. Project Menu...............................................................................................211

18.3.5. Debug Menu................................................................................................212

18.3.6. Simulator Menu...........................................................................................214

18.3.7. Link Menu....................................................................................................215

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18.3.8. Window Menu..............................................................................................215

18.3.9. Help Menu...................................................................................................216

18.4. Example.......................................................................................................216

18.4.1. Creating a Flash Studio Project...................................................................216

18.4.2. Building the Application...............................................................................217

18.4.3. Loading the Application into the Simulator..................................................217

18.4.4. Debugging the Application ..........................................................................217

18.4.5. Terminating TI FLASH Studio .....................................................................217

18.4.6. Preparing the Application for Site Testing...................................................218

18.4.6.1. Educational and Professional Developers...............................................218

18.4.7. Preparing for Public Release.......................................................................219

Appendix A: System Routines..................................................................225

Algebra Utilities .......................................................................................................227

compare_expressions ..................................................................................................232

index_of_lead_base_of_lead_term ..............................................................................244

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is_totally_polynomial ....................................................................................................258

lead_base_index ..........................................................................................................259

push_constant_factors .................................................................................................272

push_desolve ...............................................................................................................276

push_div_dif_1f ............................................................................................................278

push_nonconstant_factors ...........................................................................................283

push_numerator ...........................................................................................................286

push_poly_deg_in_var_or_kernel ................................................................................288

push_substitute_simplify ..............................................................................................290

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remaining_factors_index ..............................................................................................296

replace_top2_with_imre ...............................................................................................298

OO_AppNameToACB ..................................................................................................306

OO_UninstallAppHook .................................................................................................327

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Certificates ..............................................................................................................331

Data Utilities............................................................................................................335

GetFuncPrgmBodyPtr ..................................................................................................340

QSysProtected .............................................................................................................341

Dialog ...........................................................................................................................345

ERD_notice ..................................................................................................................357

Direct Floating Point Operations .............................................................................363

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estack_to_float .............................................................................................................403

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is_float_signed_infinity .................................................................................................412

round12 ........................................................................................................................423

round14 ........................................................................................................................426

Display ....................................................................................................................433

DrawStrWidth ...............................................................................................................437

sf_width ........................................................................................................................445

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Error Handling.........................................................................................................447

ER_throwFrame ...........................................................................................................452

ERD_dialog ..................................................................................................................455

EStack Arithmetic....................................................................................................457

is_complex_number .....................................................................................................477

is_constant ...................................................................................................................478

is_minus1 .....................................................................................................................480

is_pos_int_and_eq_quantum .......................................................................................481

is_reciprocal_of_quantum ............................................................................................482

is_whole_number .........................................................................................................483

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push_minus_recip_of_quantum ...................................................................................492

replace_top2_with_ratio ...............................................................................................509

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