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LOUISIANA

PREGNANCY-

ASSOCIATED

MORTALITY

REVIEW

2017 REPORT

September

2020

Authors:

Jia Benno, M.P.H., Mortality Surveillance Epidemiologist, Louisiana Department of Health (LDH)-Office of

Public Health (OPH), Bureau of Family Health (BFH) Rosaria Trichilo, M.P.H., Statewide Surveillance Manager, LDH-OPH, BFH

Veronica Gillispie-Bell, MD, Medical Director, Louisiana Perinatal Quality Collaborative and Pregnancy-

Associated Mortality Review

Chloe Lake, M.P.H., Health Education and Communications Coordinator, LDH-OPH, BFH

Contributors:

Lyn Kieltyka, Ph.D., M.P.H., State MCH Epidemiologist LDH-OPH, BFH

Amy Zapata, M.P.H., Director, LDH-OPH, BFH

Jane Herwehe, M.P.H., Data to Action Team Lead, LDH-OPH, BFH Karis Schoellmann, M.P.H., Communications Team Manager, LDH-OPH, BFH Dionka Pierce, M.P.H., Program Manager, Data to Action Team, LDH-OPH, BFH

Acknowledgements:

This report was made possible through detailed review of maternal death cases by a volunteer review

committee. We are deeply grateful to the members of this review committee for their dedication, insight and

expertise. We acknowledge the Louisiana Vital Records Office for their collaboration in providing the data

used to identify cases of maternal deaths. We thank the health systems, healthcare providers, and coroners

who provided the records that allowed meaningful review to occur.

We recognize the Bureau of Family Health Regional Maternal and Child Health Coordinators who abstracted

these medical records with care. We also thank our national partners at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control

Maternal Mortality (ERASE MM) program. We acknowledge the Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology Program, Field Support Branch, Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease

Prevention and Public Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for analytic support and

contribution to this report.

Funding for the Louisiana Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review process is provided through the federal

Title V Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Block Grant and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(CDC) ERASE MM Initiative under Grant #NU58DP006683-01. Authorization for the Louisiana Pregnancy-

Associated Mortality Review is provided through the Louisiana Commission on Perinatal Care and Prevention

of Infant Mortality.

Finally, we honor the women whose experiences we have attempted to understand and learn from here, as

well as their partners, children, families, and communities. We hope that the lessons learned from their

deaths will help to create new pathways to prevention, health, and equity.

12017 Louisiana Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review Report

From Data to Review7

Key Findings9

Pregnancy-Related Deaths14

Pregnancy-Associated, but Not Related Deaths16

Unable to Determine Pregnancy-Relatedness18

Contributing Factors: Among pregnancy-associated, but unable to determine relatedness deaths...19

From Review to Action22

Appendices and References33

AppendixC: Data Sources and Methodology: Louisiana pregnancy-associated Mortality Review............37 ʹ38

2

Table of Contents

2017 Louisiana Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review Report

3

Key Definitions

The following terms will be used throughout the report. All definitions come from the U.S. Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in collaboration with key partners in maternal mortality prevention,

including the Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs (AMCHP).1

Pregnancy-Associated Deaths1

The death of a woman that occurs during pregnancy or within one year of the end of pregnancy, regardless of the cause. This term encompasses pregnancy-related deaths, pregnancy-associated, but not related deaths, and pregnancy-associated, but unable todetermine relatedness deaths,as defined below. This report focuses on all deaths that meet the criteria for this definition.

Pregnancy-Related DeathPregnancy-Associated,

but Not Related Death

Pregnancy-Associated,

but Unable to Determine

Relatedness

The death of a woman during

pregnancy or within one year of the end of pregnancyfrom a pregnancy complication, a chain of events initiated by the pregnancy, or the aggravation of an unrelated condition by the physiologic effects of pregnancy.

The death of a woman during

pregnancy or within one year of the end of pregnancy from a cause that is notrelated to pregnancy.

A pregnancy-associated death

where the cause of death is unable to be determined as Example Cause of Death*Example Cause of Death*Example Cause of Death*

Preeclampsia and eclampsia

(uncontrolled and extreme high blood pressure during pregnancy leading to serious health complications, including possible organ damage)

Motor vehicle crash

(unintentional)

Suicide

*Additional case-specific details beyond cause of death are required to determine which of the three subcategories a pregnancy-associated death falls into. The example causes presented here are not mutually exclusive to the categories they are paired with above.

2017 Louisiana Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review Report

Introduction

Maternal mortality in Louisiana, 2017

Maternal mortality is a crucial indicator of healthcare quality and gender equity, nationally and

internationally.2,3Studying maternal mortality can help reveal health and social challenges that women of

reproductive age experience, and systemic responsiveness to these challenges.2,3In the United States,

maternal mortality is rising, with significant variation by race and ethnicity.1

Collecting, analyzing and comparing maternal mortality data has been challenging to accomplish nationally and

locally due to a lack of standard definitions, limited data collection systems, and lack of public investment in

reliable processes for case identification and study.4When interpreting any reported mortality rate or ratio,

several factors must be considered:

1.The definition of maternal death used to calculate the mortality rate or ratio (e.g. pregnancy-associated

versus pregnancy-related death, within 42 days of pregnancy versus 1 year following the end of a pregnancy).

2.The time period over which the rate is being reported (e.g. single versus multiple year).

3.The data source for the identified cases (e.g. cases drawn only from vital records, versus those based on a

committee review).

While surveillance using vital statistics can capture general trends, it is recognized that local review

committees are best positioned to comprehensively assess maternal deaths and identify opportunities for

prevention. Louisiana Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review (LA-PAMR) under the authorization of the Louisiana

Commission on Perinatal Care and Prevention of Infant Mortality in order to understand and address maternal

mortality in Louisiana. LA-PAMR seeks to establish a strong, reliable, and timely maternal mortality surveillance

system in order to inform, guide, and evaluate mortality and morbidity prevention strategies.

LA-PAMR reviews all pregnancy-associated deaths. A maternal mortality review committee (hereafter referred

December 2019 to complete reviews. The committee focused on all pregnancy-associated deaths, which

include pregnancy-related deaths. Findings in this report are therefore presented for all pregnancy-associated

deaths verified to have occurred during pregnancy or within 1 year of the end of a pregnancy. 4

2017 Louisiana Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review Report

Note on Data Comparisons

Findings from this report are not comparable to findings from the Louisiana 2011-2016 Maternal Mortality

Review Report.5That report compiled findings from an expedited review of only pregnancy-related deaths

that occurred during pregnancy or within 42 days of the end of the pregnancy, between 2011 and 2016. This report compiles findings from a comprehensive review of all pregnancy-associated deathsthat occurred during pregnancy or within one year of the end of pregnancyin 2017. The two reports use different criteria for what can be considered a pregnancy-related death (42 days after the end of a

pregnancy vs. one year after the end of pregnancy). Further, the 2011-2016 report focused on a smaller

subset of deaths. Comparisons between the two are discouraged and will likely be invalid. About Louisiana Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review The Louisiana Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review (LA-PAMR) works to quantify and understand pregnancy-associated deaths in order to create actionable, comprehensive recommendations to prevent

future deaths. This is accomplished through epidemiological surveillance and multidisciplinary case review

(see Appendix D for full list of case review team members). LA-PAMR is an official activity of the Louisiana

Commission on Perinatal Care and Prevention of Infant Mortality (Louisiana Perinatal Commission).

Vital records were used to identify maternal deaths, then medical records were used to verify pregnancy at or

near the time of death. After the verification process, a review committee conducted in-depth reviews of

those cases.

About This Report

recommendations for prevention. Note: This report has been updated since its original publication in July 2020

to include additional mortality ratios.

Summary of Key Findings

The committee reviewed the 65 verified pregnancy-associated deaths which occurred in 2017. This represents

a pregnancy-associated mortality ratio of 106.7 deaths per 100,000 births. Of the 65 cases, 15 deaths were

pregnancy-related, 41 were pregnancy-associated, but not related; and 9 were pregnancy-associated, but

unable to determine relatedness (see definitions on pg. 3).

1.The most common causes of pregnancy-associated deaths were homicide, cardiovascular and coronary

conditions, motor vehicle crash, and accidental overdose. The top cause of pregnancy-relateddeath was cardiovascular and coronary conditions. The top causes of pregnancy-associated, but not relateddeath were homicide and motor vehicle crashes (the same number of deaths were attributed to each cause). The top cause of pregnancy-associated, but unable to determine relatedness death was suicide.

2.For all pregnancy-associated deaths, black mothers were more than twice as likely to die (2.2 times) as

white mothers in Louisiana. This disparity is more prominent in pregnancy-related deaths. Among pregnancy-related deaths, over 5 black women (5.6) in Louisiana died for every 1 white woman. Among pregnancy-associated, but not related deaths, almost 2 black women (1.9) in Louisiana died for every 1 white woman.

3.Women ages 35 years and older were at an increased risk of pregnancy-related death.Women less than

25 years oldwereat an increased risk of pregnancy-associated, but not relatedand pregnancy-associated,

but unable to determine relatedness death.

4.The review committee deemed 80% of pregnancy-related deathsto be potentially preventable. 90% of

pregnancy-associated, but not related deaths and 100% of pregnancy-associated, but unable to determine

relatedness deaths were deemed to be potentially preventable.

Executive Summary

Maternal mortality in Louisiana, 2017

5

2017 Louisiana Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review Report

Executive Summary

Maternal mortality in Louisiana, 2017

6

Summary of Key Findings (continued)

5.The PAMR Committee identified contributing factors to deaths across the following levels: patient/family,

provider, facility, systems, and community.

Provider and facility level factors were the most commonly-identified contributing factors to pregnancy-

relateddeaths, including issues related to lack of continuity of care. Patient/family and community level factors were the most commonly-identified contributing factors to pregnancy-associated, but not relateddeaths. These included Substance Use Disorder (SUD)

(patient/family level) and lack of resources for anger management, conflict resolution, social skills

training, and stigma or fear surrounding SUD (community level).

Patient/family, provider and facility level factors were the most commonly-identified contributing factors

to pregnancy-associated, but unable to determine relatedness deaths. These included mental health

conditions (patient/family level), lack of referrals to mental/behavioral health or substance use treatment

(provider level), and lack of continuity of care/care coordination (facility level).

6.Autopsies were performed in about two-thirds (68%) of cases. About 1 in 3 (34%) cases were missing at least

some records crucial to case review.

Summary of Recommendations

Recommendations represent committee consensus following a critical review of each of the 65 deaths, and were

drawn from both individual case reviews and overall data and findings. They are classified by point of

intervention: systems, clinical quality improvement, social support, and policy. However, five overarching needs

or themes emerged consistently throughout review: Improve care coordination before, during, and between pregnancies.

Ensure pregnant women receive the appropriate level of care based on the complexity and severity of their

medical issues and risk factors present.

Expand the obstetric healthcare workforce to include cardiology, psychiatric and addiction specialists.

Improve and expand identification of, and treatment for, substance use during pregnancy.

Address racial and cultural bias across the network of care that serves pregnant and postpartum women

(including hospitals, Emergency Medical Services, physician offices, and community clinics), as well as the

institutions that influence or coordinate with that network (including public health agencies, Medicaid, and

coroners).

2017 Louisiana Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review Report

From Data to Review

Maternal Mortality in Louisiana, 2017

7

2017 Louisiana Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review Report

8

Verifying and Confirming Maternal Deaths

Review process and criteria

In 2017, 92 potential pregnancy-associated deaths were identified using Vital Records data alone. Bureau of

Family Health Regional Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Coordinators verified that 65 of the 92 identified

deaths had a documented pregnancy at the time of death or within one year of death. The remaining 27

deaths were classified as false cases and not considered eligible for review. The PAMR committee determined

that 15 of the 65 verified deaths were pregnancy-related, 41 were pregnancy-associated, but not related, and 9

were pregnancy-associated, but unable to determine relatedness. The committee used the Building U.S.

92 Identified Deaths

Identified deaths met the following criteria:

Louisiana resident at the time of death, and death occurred in Louisiana Between the ages of 10 and 55 years at the time of death

Identified as having been pregnant at the time of death or within the preceding year by linkage of the

death certificate to a corresponding live birth or fetal death certificate or inpatient hospital discharge

record, indication of pregnancy status on the death certificate through the pregnancy checkbox, or cause

of death hadan ICD-10 code of A34, O00-O99 (causes related to pregnancy, childbirth, or complications

during the postpartum period).

65 Verified Deaths

Pregnancy-associated deaths met the below

criteria:

Documentation in medical records and/or

coroner reports of a pregnancy at the time of death or within oneyear of death

27 False (Unvalidated) Cases

These cases met the definition of a potential

pregnancy-associated death based on thecause of death listed on death certificates, but could not be validated through medical records and/or coroner reports.

There was either no record of any pregnancy or

there was a documented pregnancy that ended

Committee determinations:

41 pregnancy-associated, but not relatedcases

15 pregnancy-related cases

9 pregnancy-associated, but unable to

determine relatedness cases

Cases reviewed by Regional

Maternal & Child Health Coordinators

These cases were ineligible

for further review STOP Use of Vital Records death data alone is not enough to identify true pregnancy-associated deaths

2017 Louisiana Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review Report

Key Findings

Maternal Mortality in Louisiana, 2017

9

2017 Louisiana Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review Report

1 2 2 1 3 6 1 1 1 2 2 3 7 10 4 10 1 1 3 1 1 1

Amniotic Fluid Embolism

Autoimmune Diseases

Seizure Disorders

Liver and Gastrointestinal Conditions

Unknown Cause of Death

Fire/Burns

Embolism

Preeclasmpia and Eclampsia

Pulmonary Conditions

Infection

Malignancies

Suicide

Cardiomyopathy

Accidental Overdose

Motor Vehicle Crash (MVC)

Cardiovascular and Coronary Conditions

Homicide

Pregnancy-Associated,

but Not Related

Pregnancy-Associated,

but Unable to Determine

Relatedness

Causes of Death

As determined by the PAMR Committee

1

Pregnancy-

Related

23%
14%

Pregnancy-

Associated,

but Not

Related

63%

Breakdown of Pregnancy-Relatedness

Of the 65 deaths reviewed, the committee determined:

15 deaths (23%) werepregnancy-related.*

41deaths (63%) were classified as pregnancy-associated,

but not related.*

9deaths (14%) were classified as pregnancy-associated,

but the committee was unable to determine relatedness. *See page 3 for definitions 10

Snapshot of Pregnancy-Associated Deaths

Key Points

Nearly 1 in 4 (23%) deaths were determined to be pregnancy-related. Pregnancy-associated, but not related deaths accounted for the majority of deaths (63%). The leading causes of pregnancy-associated deaths were homicide (17%), Cardiovascular and Coronary Conditions (17%), and Motor Vehicle Crash (MVC) (15%). In 2017, Louisiana had 65 pregnancy-associated deaths. This represents a pregnancy-associated mortality ratio of 106.7 deaths per 100,000 births.

Pregnancy-

Associated,

but Unable to Determine

Relatedness

2017 Louisiana Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review Report

Pregnancy-Related

38%60%

Non-Hispanic whiteNon-Hispanic black

2%

Non-Hispanic,

other race 11 Racial Disparities in Pregnancy-Associated Mortality

Pregnancy-Associated Mortality by Race

Pregnancy-associated deaths can happen to women of any race. However, some women are disproportionately

affected. For all pregnancy-associated deaths, black mothers were more than twice as likely to die (2.2 times) as white mothers in Louisiana.

Key Points

Racial disparities in maternal mortality are complex and due to many factors. Mortality is influenced by a

wide range of economic, social, and clinical determinants. Some of those factors are directly related to

pregnancy and birth itself, including health status prior to pregnancy and consistent access to quality

healthcare during pregnancy and throughout the life course. Other, broader factors that contribute to

adverse outcomes (including death), include social determinants of health such as racial bias and

discrimination, lack of transportation or childcare, poverty, and racism in policies, practices and systems.8,9

More than 2 black women in

80.0
174.1

Non-Hispanic whiteNon-Hispanic black

Pregnancy-Associated Mortality

by Race (per 100,000 births)

However, non-Hispanic black mothers

accounted for 60% of all pregnancy- associated deaths that occurredin 2017.

37% of all births in Louisiana

in 2017 were to non-Hispanic black women.6

2017 Louisiana Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review Report

54.4
102.7

Non-Hispanic whiteNon-Hispanic black

Key Points

For pregnancy-associated, but not related deaths, black women died at almost twice the rate of white women. Homicide was a top cause.

For pregnancy-related deaths, black women died at five times the rate of white women. Complications from

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