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Dalhousie University Libraries

APA Style Quick Guide (7th ed.)

This guide provides examples for selected research sources based on style recommendations from the Publication Manual

of the American Psychological Association: The official guide to APA style (7th ed., 2020). This replaces the 6th ed. (2010).

Contents:

Formatting Your Paper ............................................... 2 In-Text Citations and References ............................... 3 Author Variations and Title Descriptions ................... 5

1. Journal Articles ................................................... 6

2. Newspaper and Magazine Articles ..................... 6

3. Books and Open Educational Resources (OER) ... 7

4. Encyclopedias and Reference Materials............... 7

5. Reports ............................................................... 8

6. Conference Proceedings and Presentations ...... 8

7. Dissertations and Theses ..................................... 8

8. Data and Databases ............................................. 9

9. Film and Television ............................................ 9

10. Legal Acts/Statutes and Bills ............................... 9

11. Patents ................................................................ 9

12. Internet and Social Media...................................10

Write your paper using one of these fonts but use a sans serif font for all graphics (APA, 2020, p. 44).

Serif: Georgia 11 Times New Roman 12

Sans serif: Arial 11 Calibri 11 Lucida 11

There are four basic components for all

APA references: A. (B). C. D.

The letters represent Who? When? What? Where?

A is the author, B is the date, C is the title, and D provides source information (APA, 2020, p. 262).

The APA Style requires double-spacing between

ALL text lines, including References.

To save space and paper when printed, examples in

this guide have been formatted with single spacing. TIP: See pages 3-4 for author variations, e.g., how to write an in-text citation for 3 authors, a reference for

2311 authors, or what to do when no author is listed.

APA Style Guidelines and Grammar https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/

The academic community builds new knowledge, in part, by understanding what has already been written on a

subject. To put new research into the context of existing research, academics provide links to previously published works.

Sometimes, the citation links offer the context of the new work; at other times, the links give evidence of agreement,

disagreement, or novelty. In all situations, listing your sources enables readers to find the cited information. In other words,

citations are pathways between the current work and past works.

For academic writers to indicate pathways to past works, organizations and journals have created standardized

formats (often referred to as style guides) for in-text citations and reference lists (or references, or works cited, or

bibliography) (APA, 2020, p. 281). This Quick Guide supports APA Style by showing models of in-text citations and

reference lists. Read the preliminary notes to understand rules for spacing, punctuation, block quotations, and so on. For

specific content formatting (e.g., a chapter in an edited book), find the section and sub-heading modeling that material and

format your reference exactly as you see it. Additional information on this style can be found in more comprehensive style

guides (that are available at the bookstore, in the library, online at other universities, or at organization/journal websites).

Recently, in an effort to keep up with changing media and archiving practices, some organizations have established blogs.

APA Style Blog https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/

Dalhousie University Libraries. (2022, November). APA Style Quick Guide, 7th ed. 2

FORMATTING YOUR PAPER

APA style requires that you use parenthetical citations to acknowledge quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and other

material from a source used in your paper. These correspond to the full bibliographic entries found in a list of references at

the end of your paper. To cite a source in the text of your assignment, indicate in parentheses the last name of the author(s),

or if there is no author, the first few words of the document title1, followed by the year of publication, and, if quoting, the

page number(s). The next two paragraphs show some sample in-text citations, followed by the corresponding references.

The APA Manual includes a 10-page sample student paper (2020, pp. 61-67) and provides two sample papers online.

In his classic study, Gardner (2004)2 summarized the scepticism of current researchers and observers about

whether the messages presented in the Fourth Assessment Report were really about the end of the world as we know

it. His conclusion wa3 and human activities were to blame.

But four renowned researchers (Tannenbaum et al., 2005)4 who re-analysed published data have rejected the

likelihood of human influence on recent climate change and concluded that: The current climate change is natural. The close of the millennium was marked by a deep suspicion of the natural world and an increasing reliance upon the pronouncements of soothsayers and visionaries, who caused hysteria with their doom-laden forecasts of the end of humanity. (p. 184)5

This has prompted some key influential organisations to hold non-committal positions on this issue. But in a

recent publication Cooper et al. (2009) positively identified the human fingerprints associated with climate changes

-1800 levels, and humans significantly influence the global

Al Gore echoed this

6

References7

Cooper, M., Garzon, R., Palumbo, T., Bhatt, D., Alder, H., Calin, G. A., & Croce, C. (2009). Human fingerprints:

A knowledge evolution. Journal of Global Warming, 18(4), 11-35. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600587103 8

Gardner, S. (2004). Anthropogenic global warming: How the world is changing. Morrow.

Tannenbaum, R. V., Leung, K., Sudha, J. R., & White, M. A. (2005). A re-examination of the notion of global

warming. Journal of the Environment, 20,9 168-196.

1 Document titles with no authors are listed using italics -265).

2 In-text citations need to be within the sentence (as close to the source material as possible). The author can be separated from the year and page

number; this form is called a narrative citation. (More examples of parenthetical and narrative in-text citations are in this Quick Guide, p. 4.)

3 APA requires the page number(s) for direct quotations; they are optional (but very helpful) for paraphrases or summaries (APA, 2020, pp. 264, 269).

Timeline9, para. 2).

4 When a source has three or more authors, use the first author's last name and "et al.", e.g., (Tannenbaum et al., 2005).

5 Place direct quotations of 40 words or more in a free-standing block and omit quotation marks. Position the page number after the period.

6 Personal communications, including interviews, emails, or lectures can be cited but are not included in the list of references.

7 Start the list of references on a new page. This list must be in alphabetical order.

8 Do not change the order of the authors. The first author for this research article is Ramiro Garzon, not Cooper. So the reference is incorrect, as is the

in-text citation; the citation should be Garzon et al., not Cooper et al. (Use the hyperlink to find other inaccuracies.)

9 Not all journals have an issue number; in this case use the volume number only.

Hanging

indent

½ inch

Dalhousie University Libraries. (2022, November). APA Style Quick Guide, 7th ed. 3

IN-TEXT CITATIONS AND REFERENCES

In-text

Citations

Citations for 1 author (APA, 2020)

Citations for 2 authors (Camm & Davenport, 2020)

Citations for 3 or more authors (Kosslyn et al., 2010)

Organization as author [optional abbreviation]

Citations for an already identified abbreviation

(American Psychological Association [APA], 2020) (APA, 2020, p. 288) No author for books, brochures and reports 1 (Experimental Psychology, 1938)

No author for articles, chapters or webpages 2

An author named Anonymous (Anonymous, 1933)

A text cited by another source (Bandura, 1982, as cited in Feist, 1998) Notes

1 Use the name of the book, brochure, or report in your in-text citation when it has no identifiable author or editor.

2 Use the first few words of the title for articles, chapters, or web pages that have no identifiable author or editor.

References

1 to 20 authors 1 Camm, J. D., & Davenport, T. H. (2020, July 15). Data science, quarantined.

Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., & Ganis, G. (2010). The case for mental imagery. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179088.001.0001

More than 20

authors 2,3,4 Sirunyan, A. M., Tumasyan, A., Adam, W., Ambrogi, F., Asilar, E., Bergauer, Del Valle, A., Flechl, M., Friedl, M., Frühwirth, R., Ghete, V. M., (2018). Measurement of differential cross sections for Z boson production in association with jets in proton-proton collisions at

Organization as

author 5 American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the

American Psychological Association (7th ed.).

https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

No author for books,

brochures, and reports

Experimental Psychology. (1938). Holt.

No author for articles,

chapters, or webpages Senate passes bill to stop shark finning in U.S. (2011, January). Sea

Technology, 52(1), 51.

An author named

Anonymous 6

Anonymous. (1933). .

Eyre and Spottiswoode.

Notes

1 For exactly 20 or

2 Include the DOI if one exists, even if you read the print version of the article.

3 List the first 19 authors, followed by an ellipsis (. . .) then end with the last author. This paper has 2,311 authors!

4 This article appears in an online journal that numbers each article but paginates each article from page 1. When there is both

an article number and a page range, only use the article number (APA, 2020, p. 294).

5 (ed.) indicates an edition, whereas (Ed.) is an editor and (Eds.) specifies editors (APA, 2020, p. 321).

6 Use this only when the author chooses to sign their writing as Anonymous. This is not the same as having no author.

When selecting your final citations and references, be sure that: every source that has informed your thinking is both cited and referenced (APA, 2020, p. 253). references in the list have at least one in-text citation (APA, 2020, p. 262).

in-text citations flag exact locations where you relied on source materials to strengthen your written assignment.

references describe details of the works that correspond to your citations (APA, 2020, p. 262). Dalhousie University Libraries. (2022, November). APA Style Quick Guide, 7th ed. 4

In-text citations can be either parenthetical or narrative (APA, 2020, pp. 262-263, 266). The examples below show a

variety of ways you can create in-text citations for quotations and paraphrases. Note that the source cited is imaginary.

QUOTATION EXAMPLES (page numbers required)

Author(s) Parenthetical citations Narrative citations

1 author

(Beals, 2020, p. 5).

Writing is difficult because

(Beals, 2020, p. 5). Beals

In 2020, Beals

Writing is difficult because, as Beals

thinking

2 authors

(Beals & Smith, 2020, p. 5).

Writing is difficult because

(Beals & Smith, 2020, p. 5).

Beals and Smith

Beals and Smith

Writing is difficult because, as Beals and Smith (2020) note

3 or more

authors (Beals et al., 2020, p. 5).

Writing is difficult because

(Beals et al., 2020, p. 5). Beals

Beals s need clear thinking to

(p. 5).

In 2020, Beals et al. noted that

(p. 5). Writing is difficult because, as Beals and colleagues (2020, p. 5) noted, PARAPHRASING EXAMPLES (page numbers not required)

1 author To write well, an author

needs a good understanding of the topic (Beals, 2020). Beals (2020) noted that to write well an author needs a good understanding of the topic. In 2020, Beals noted that to write well an author needs a good understanding of the topic.

2 authors To write well, an author

needs a good understanding of the topic (Beals & Smith,

2020).

Beals and Smith (2020) noted that to write well an author needs a good understanding of the topic. In 2020, Beals and Smith noted that to write well an author needs a good understanding of the topic.

3 or more

authors

To write well, an author

needs a good understanding of the topic (Beals et al.,

2020).

Writing is difficult because

an author needs a good understanding of the topic in order to write well (Beals et al., 2020). Beals et al. (2020) noted that to write well an author needs a good understanding of the topic. Beals and colleagues (2020) noted that to write well an author needs a good understanding of the topic. In 2020, Beals et al. noted to write well an author needs a good understanding of the topic. Writing is difficult because, as Beals and colleagues (2020) noted, to write well an author needs a good understanding of the topic. Note

There are many more ways than these examples to write your own parenthetical and narrative in-text citations.

Dalhousie University Libraries. (2022, November). APA Style Quick Guide, 7th ed. 5

AUTHOR VARIATIONS (APA, 2020, pp. 286-287)

Examples APA Style (invert and shorten)

Simple names James Warton

Hui Teng

Warton, J.

Teng, H.

Middle names or initials Rajiv Mohan Gupta 1

Karolina Andersson Sundell 1

Juan Antonio Lopez Ferez 1

Simeon C. Ntafos

Gupta, R. M.

Andersson Sundell, K.

Lopez Ferez, J. A.

Ntafos, S. C.

Hyphenated names Abdul-

Jo-Ann Tilton

Jo-ann Bradley

Lori Lee-Penney

, A.-K.

Tilton, J.-A.

Bradley, J.

Lee-Penney, L.

Names with position prefix or suffix

Exceptions

Elder Shirley Williams

James John Jr. Bisogni

Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.

Pope Francis

Dr. Seuss

Williams, S.

Bisogni, J. J. Jr.

King, M. L., Jr.

Pope Francis.

Dr. Seuss.

Celebrity names (do not change) Beyoncé

Lady Gaga

Beyoncé.

Lady Gaga.

Duplicate names Richard Richards

Li Li

Richards, R.

Li, L.

Retain lowercase

(APA, 2020, p. 346)

Andrew Van de Ven

Theo van de Ven

e. e. cummings

Van de Ven, A.

van de Ven, T. cummings, e. e. Cultural knowledge required Bin Chen (in an English journal)

Chen Bin (in a Chinese journal)

Chen, B.

Chen, B.

Note

1 Sometimes you cannot tell if the middle name is part of the given name or part of the surname.

Search beyond the journal to find out how , e.g., university websites. TITLE DESCRIPTIONS (useful when items are not articles, books, or reports)

Author Date Title Source

Villeneuve, D. (Director). (2010). Incendies [Film]. micro_scope. The APA Manual uses even more descriptions than the ones shown below. [Audiobook]. [Audio podcast]. [Audio podcast episode]. [Code book]. [Computer software]. [Data set]. [Editorial]. [Film]. [Google map]. [Grant]. [Image]. [Infographic]. [Lab manual]. [Lecture notes]. [Map]. [Mobile app]. [Painting]. [Photograph]. [Poster presentation]. [PowerPoint slides]. [Press release]. [Review of book Title].1 [Review of film Title].1 [Song]. [Special section]. [Speech]. [Symposium]. [Translation]. [TV series]. [TV series episode]. [Tweet]. [Video]. [Webinar]. [Doctoral dissertation, University].2 ].2 [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. [Unpublished manuscript]. [Unpublished data]. Notes

1 Include actual title of book or film being reviewed, e.g., [Review of film Incendies].

2 Provide the name of the university, e.g., [Doctoral dissertation, Dalhousie University].

Dalhousie University Libraries. (2022, November). APA Style Quick Guide, 7th ed. 6 Use a hanging indent and double-spacing for all References (APA, 2020, p. 46).

1. JOURNAL ARTICLES (APA, 2020, pp. 317-319)

REFERENCES

Online with DOI 1

Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., Hassabis, D., Martin, V. C., Spreng, R. N., & Szpunar, K. K. (2012). The future of memory: Remembering, imagining, and the brain. Neuron, 76(4),

677-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.001

Sirunyan, A. M., Tumasyan, A., Adam, W., Ambrogi, F., Asilar, E., Bergauer, T., M., Friedl, M., Frühwirth, R., Ghete, V. M., Hrubec, J., Jeitler, M., Krammer, N., Z boson production in association with jets in proton-proton collisions at

Posted on an

accessible website without DOI 2 Ashe, D. D., & McCutcheon, L. E. (2001). Shyness, loneliness, and attitude toward celebrities. Current Research in Social Psychology, 6(9), 124-132.

Print 3 Sawyer, J. (1966). Measurement and prediction, clinical and statistical. Psychological Bulletin,

66(3), 178-200. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023624

Advance online

publication 4 Rajasekar, M. (2021). Recent development in fluorescein derivatives. Journal of Molecular Structure. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129085 Notes

1 Use the secure URL by putting https://doi.org/ in front of the DOI, in this case (10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.001).

You can choose to shorten a long DOI at http://shortdoi.org/ (APA, 2020, p. 300).

2 If a DOI does not yet exist, look for one using the Crossref website, https://www.crossref.org/guestquery/

3 Printed articles may be assigned a DOI; if so, you should include this in your reference.

4 Articles available online ahead of printed journal dates can be used and cited (APA, 2020, pp. 258, 318).

2. NEWSPAPER AND MAGAZINE ARTICLES (APA, 2020, p. 320)

REFERENCES

Newspaper article

from website 1,2 Ellis-Petersen, H. (2017, March 29). Don't think twice, oh, all right: Bob Dylan finally agrees to collect Nobel prize. The Guardian.

News article from a

news website 1 Litterman, B. (2020, September 21). Wildfires have devastated my city. CNN.

Magazine article 1,2 Deisseroth, K. (2016, October). A look inside the brain. Scientific American, 315(4), 30-37.

Book Review 1,2 Gleick, E. (2000, December 14). The burdens of genius [Review of the book The last samurai,

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