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CompTIA

Linux+ Study Guide

Exam XK0-004

Fourth Edition

CompTIA

Linux+ Study Guide

Exam XK0-004

Fourth Edition

Senior Acquisitions Editor: Kenyon Brown

Development Editor: Stephanie Barton

Technical Editor: David Clinton, Jason Eckert, and Kevin E. Ryan

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Copy Editor: Judy Flynn

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Associate Publisher: Jim Minatel

Proofreader: Kim Wimpsett

Indexer: Johnna VanHoose Dinse

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Published simultaneously in Canada

ISBN: 978-1-119-55603-9

ISBN: 978-1-119-55605-3 (ebk.)

ISBN: 978-1-119-55604-6 (ebk.)

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Acknowledgments

First, all glory and praise go to God, who through His Son, Jesus Christ, makes all things possible and gives us the gift of eternal life. Many thanks go to the fantastic team of people at Sybex for their outstanding work on this project. Thanks to Kenyon Brown, the senior acquisitions editor, for offering us the opportunity to work on this book. Also thanks to Stephanie Barton, the development edi- tor, for keeping things on track and making the book more presentable. Thanks, Steph, for all your hard work and diligence. The technical proofreaders, Kevin E. Ryan and Jason Eckert, did a wonderful job of double-checking all of the work in the book in addition to making suggestions to improve the content. Also our appreciation goes out to David B. Clinton for taking the reins as technical editor near the close of the project and offering his terri?c advice. Thanks also goes to the young and talented Daniel Anez (theanez.com) for his illustration work. We would also like to thank Carole Jelen at Waterside Productions, Inc., for arranging this opportunity for us and for helping us out in our writing careers. Christine would particularly like to thank her husband, Timothy, for his encouragement, patience, and willingness to listen, even when he has no idea what she is talking about. Christine would also like to express her love for Samantha and Cameron, “May God bless your marriage richly." Rich would particularly like to thank his wife, Barbara, for enduring his grouchy atti- tude during this project and helping to keep up his spirits with baked goods.

About the Authors

Christine Bresnahan, CompTIA Linux+, LPIC-1, started working with computers more than 30 years ago in the IT industry as a system administrator. Christine is an adjunct pro- fessor at Ivy Tech Community College where she teaches Linux certication and Python programming classes. She also writes books and produces instructional resources for the classroom.

Richard Blum,

CompTIA Linux+ ce, CompTIA Security+ ce, LPIC-1, has also worked in the IT industry for more than 30 years as both a system and network administrator, and he has published numerous Linux and open-source books. Rich is an online instructor for Linux and web programming courses that are used by colleges and universities across the United States. When he is not being a computer nerd, Rich enjoys spending time with his wife, Barbara, and his two daughters, Katie and Jessica.

Contents at a Glance

Introduction xxix

Assessment Test

xlii

PartI Gathering Your Tools 1

Preparing Your Environment 3

Sifting Through Services 15

Managing Files, Directories, and Text 39

Searching and Analyzing Text 83

PartII Starting Up and Configuring Your System 123

Explaining the Boot Process 125

Maintaining System Startup and Services 147

Configuring Network Connections 187

Comparing GUIs 217

Adjusting Localization Options 253

PartIII Managing Your System 273

Administering Users and Groups 275

Handling Storage 315

Protecting Files 343

Governing Software 373

Tending Kernel Modules 397

PartIV Securing Your System 409

Applying Ownership and Permissions 411

Looking at Access and Authentication Methods 439

Implementing Logging Services 473

Overseeing Linux Firewalls 487

Embracing Best Security Practices 513

xii Contents at a Glance

PartV Troubleshooting Your System 533

Analyzing System Properties and Remediation 535

Optimizing Performance 567

Investigating User Issues 581

Dealing with Linux Devices 597

Troubleshooting Application and Hardware Issues 619

PartVI Automating Your System 649

Deploying Bash Scripts 651

Automating Jobs 677

Controlling Versions with Git 697

PartVII Realizing Virtual and Cloud Environments 717 Understanding Cloud and Virtualization Concepts 719

Inspecting Cloud and Virtualization Services 735

Orchestrating the Environment 755

Answers to Review Questions 769

Contents

Introduction xxix

Assessment Test

xlii

PartI Gathering Your Tools 1

Chapter1 Preparing Your Environment 3

Chapter

2 Sifting Through Services 15

xiv Contents

Improving Performance 32

Clustering

32

Load Balancing

33

Containers

33

Summary

33

Exam Essentials

34

Review Questions

35

Handling Files and Directories

40

Viewing and Creating Files

40

Copying and Moving Files

45

Removing Files

52

Linking Files and Directories

55

Establishing a Hard Link

55

Constructing a Soft Link

57

Reading Files

59

Reading Entire Text Files

59

Reading Text File Portions

61

Reading Text File Pages

65

Finding Information

66

Exploring File Differences

67

Using Simple Pinpoint Commands

69

Using Intricate Pinpoint Commands

73

Summary

77

Exam Essentials

77

Review Questions

78

Processing Text Files

84

Filtering Text

84

Formatting Text

89

Determining Word Count

93

Redirecting Input and Output

95

Handling Standard Output

95

Redirecting Standard Error

96

Regulating Standard Input

98

Piping Commands

100

Creating Here Documents

102

Creating Command Lines

103
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