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ANCIENTIRANIAN

METALWORK

INTHEARTHURM.SACKLERGALLERY

ANDTHEFREERGALLERYOFART

AnnC.GunterandPaulJett

L-.^-y^t^^..ii:<^-iJa^>^.^kut.l..^.-

ANCIENTIRANIAN

METALWORK

INTHEARTHURM.SACKLERGALLERY

ANDTHEFREERGALLERYOFART

AnnC.GunterandPaulJett

SmithsonianInstitution,Washin2;ton,D.C.

Distributedby

PhilippvonZabern,Mainz,Germany

FREERGALLERYOFART

,^U"/c-f

Copyright©1992bySmithsonian

Institution.Allrightsreserved.

PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.

LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-

PublicationData

ArthurM.SacklerGallery

(SmithsonianInstitution)

AncientIranianMetalvvorkintheArthur

M.SacklerGalleryandtheFreerGallery

ofArt/AnnC.GunterandPaulJett. p.cm.

Includesbibliographicalreferences.

I.Artmetal-work,Ancient - Iran

Catalogs.2.Artmetal-work - Iran

Catalogs.3.Artmetal-work

Washington(D.C.) - Catalogs.4.Arthur

M.SacklerGallery(SmithsonianInstitu-

tion) - Catalogs.5.FreerGalleryof

Art - Catalogs,i.Gunter,AnnClyburn,

195I - .II.Jett,Paul.HI.FreerGalleryof

Art.IV.Title.NK6474.A1A781992

739'-0935-dc2o92-32999

CIP

Cover:Detailsofbowl[25]andshallow

bowlorboss[23]

Frontispiece:Ewer[35]andvase[34]

Note:Numbersinbrackets[]referto

catalogueentries.

Contents

6Foreword

MiloC.Beach

8Preface

IoAcknowledgments

13TheCollectionsandTheirClassification

AnnC.Gunter

23ShapesandDecoration

AnnC.Gunter

32Colorplates

49MaterialsandMethodsofManufacture

PaulJen

61Catalogue

AnnC.GunterandPaulJett

63AchaemenidPeriod:Entries1 - 4

79SeleucidandParthianPeriods:Entries5 - 12

105SasanianPeriod:Entriesij - 42

223SuspectedEorgeries:Entries4^^ - 47

241Appendix:AnalyticalTechniques

251Concordance

252Glossary

255References

269Index

Foreword

relatedandhighlycomplementarycollectionsthat - althoughinadjoining museums - cannotbeexhibitedtogether.Theadvantagesofanalyzingsuch 6

Iranianobjectsinthetwocollections.

MiloC.Beach

Director

ArthurM.SacklerGallery

andFreerGalleryofArt

Foreword7

ace ical,cultural,andtechnicalpointsofview. 8

Preface9

Acknowledairtents

andsupport. 10 theMuseoCivico,Turin. manyhelpfulsuggestions. designofthebookistheworkofBethSchlenoff.

AnnC.Gunter

AssociateCuratorofAncientNearEasternArt

and

PaulJett

SupervisoryConservator

Acknowledgmentsii

TheCollectionsand

TheirClassification

FreerGalleryofArt

Achaemenidphiale

throughthesixthandseventhcenturies[28,32 - 34]. byCharlesLang;Freer(1854 - 1919)durinaavisittoCairoin1909.Freer's •3

Fig.I.Sasaniansilver-^^ilthuntinsjplate

[13].FreerGalleryoiArt,1943. allyunknownintheUnitedStatesorEurope. depictingtheSasaniankingShapur11(r.309 - 79).Formerlyinthecollectionof bytheFreerGalleryofArt.* 14 (1906 - 1979)1thencuratorofNearEasternart.Theybelongtothegroupof tionwasmadein1985[28]. pectedforgeries. verstudies.^ opmentoftechnical.studiesofSasaniansilver - studiesthathaveassumedcriti-

ArthurM.SacklerGallery

Thirty-oneobjectsfromthecollectionofArthurM.Sackler(1913 - 1987)pre-

TheCollectionsandTheirClassificationi5

Fi^.2.Sasaniansilver-oilt\essels.

InauCTuralexhibition,ArthurM.Satklcr

Gallery,1987.

modernforgery. royalhuntingsceneandHyewithotherinteriorornament[17 - 21].Silver ewersarealsopartoftheSasanianrepertoryofsilverplate[35 - 37].Unusual 16

Jettandarepublishedinthiscatalogue.

oration,andtechniqueofmanufacture. intheAchaemenidFmpire(ca.550 - 331b.c.).'^Ancientliterarvsources materialrequiresasystematicreview.'^

TheCollectionsandTheirClassificationi7

acquiredsincei960throughtheantiquitiesmarket - includingexamplesinthe SacklerGallery - werereportedlyfoundinIran,butnocertaininformationon theirprovenanceisavailable. 'A dynastyina.d.651.'^

TheCollectionsandTheirClassification19

TheProblemofForaeries

investiaationsofIranianmetalwork. arediscussedseparatelyattheendofthecatalogue[43 - 47]. Notes

1.Auth1983dc-scrihc'sFrcer'scollec-

tionotEavptianantiquities,withspecial referencetoaniin[)ortant^roupotclass vessels.

2.Tothebestotmyknc:)\vledtJe,thefirst

silverobjectsotSasaniandateacquired tivaNorthAmericancollectionwerea plateandanellipticalbowlpurchasedby

HenryWaltersin1924;theyremainin

thepermanentcollectionottheWalters

ArtGallery,Balliniorc.Fortheseobjects,

seeGhirshman195^,51n.i,fias.i3; andGraliar1967,100loi,no.13,with bibliogi-aphy.Ihavenotundertakena detailedstudyofthesubject.

3.ThePero/-Ka\ad1plateintheMetro-

]5olitanMuseumofArt,NewYork, alleaedlyfromnorthwesternIran,was alsoacquiredin1934;HarperandMeyers

1981,64withn.124.Ncjonan1982

reviewsthesilverfindsinthePermregion traditionally^jroupedas"Sasanian"and providesextensivebibliosjraphy.

4..Ackerman1940,325.

5.Grabar1967,19 - 84,summarizedwhat

wasthenknownotSasaniansilvervessels andsculptures.Seealsothehelpfulover- viewinHarper1983,esp.1113 - 16.

6.Atil1971.Theeataloaueentrieshere

supplytheexhibitionliistorvoteach object.

7.Grabar1967,120,no.35.Grabar's

essav,19 - 84,remainsaninsightfuland valuableanalysisotproblemsconceminsj thestudyofSasanianandrelatedprecious metalwork.

8.GettensandWarina1957,85-90.

9.Chase1968,78-93.

10.HarperandMeyers1981,esp.10 - 12,

124 - 42,145 - 58,withbibliooraphy.

11.TheSacklerGalleryalsohouses

approximatelyeightymetalartifactsof pre-Achaemeniddate,mostotthemcol- lectedbyArthurM.Sackler.Selected objectshavebeenpublishedinLawtonet al.1987,2(131,34,36-41;andPorada

1990,7179.Afuture-publicationpre-

paredbyPaulJettandmyseltwillbe devotedtf)thismati'rial,whichhasno countt-rpartinthe-t-rt-ercolk-ition.

12.Majorstudies,allwithextensivebibli-

ography,includeMoorey1971;Winter

1980;Negahban1983;Tallon1987;

Muscarella1988;Winter1989.

13.Seeabn\i',ni2.

14.Moorey1985,856 - 63,providesa

hel])fulsummary;alsoMoorey1980a,

128 - 42,toranoverviewofmetalwurk

productioninvariousregionsofthe empire.Muscarella1988providesan intormativetreatmentottheMetropolitan

Museum'scf)llectionsotobjectsotAchat--

meniddate-.

I5.Callatay1989.

16.DetaiK'dpublicationandtethniial

studyofixcavatedmetalworkincludes

Stronach1978,168-78;Waldbaum1983,

withtechnicalstudiesbyPieti-rMeyers.

AdditionalexamplestromAsiaMinor

promise,whentuUypublished,toprovide alargeandextrenn-lvimportantKirjiusot

AchaemenicIperiodmetalwork.Muscarella

1988includestechnicalinformationon

someoftheMetropolitanMuseum'sexca- vatedobjectsotAchaemeniddate.

17.AseriesofarticlesbyOscarW.

Muscarellahashelpedassembleandcate-

gorizethematerialandservesasauseful criticalfirststep:1977,153 - 207;1979; and1980,23 - 42.Seealsothemeticulous studybyMoorey1980a,esp.128 - 42.

18.Lefebvre1924,chap.5.

19.Moorey1988,esp.238 - 43.Root

199Iexaminesissuesofethnicity,nomen-

clature,andregionalstyleintheartofthe

AchaemenidEmpire.

20.Rice1983,71-77;Callatay1989.

21.Pope1964 - 65,459 - 70,isout-ot-

date.Colledge1977,123-24;andMusche

1988,yyithextensivebibliography,pro-

videmorerecentsurveys.Curtis1976 discussesexcavatedmetalworktrom

Nineveh.KuhrtandSherwin-White1987

andHolt1988assesstheinteraction betweenindigenousandforeigntraditions inWestandCentralAsia;both\()lumes tcjntainrichbibliogiaphies.

22.Oliver1977;Ptrommer1987.

23.ForearUpublicationsofthesecollec-

tions,seeChabouillet1858(Bibliotheque

Nationale,Paris);Smirnov1909(Hermi-

tageMuseum,SaintPetersburg);and l.XTlton1964(BritishMuseum,London).

24.Recentdiscussionsottherelevant

finds,withextensivereterencetoChinese publications,includeShihHsio-yen1983, (-1382;Rawson198b,31-56;alsoHarper 1990.

TheintluenceotSasaniansilveron

metalworkandceramicsotTangdynasty

China(a.d.618 - 906)hasbeenreexam-

inedbyseveralauthors,someotyvhom suggestinsteadtheprimaryroleotCentral

Asian(especiallySogdian)metalwxirkin

thisprocess.DiscussionsincludeMedley

1970,1622;Melikian-Chirvani1970,

9 - 15;Marshak1971;ct.Ravsson1982,6.

25.KeystudiesareMarshak1971

109 - 55(Englishsummary);Harperand

Meyers1981;Harper1983,1113 - 29;

Marshak1986,esp.23 - 95,239 - 96;

TreverandLukonin1987;Harper1988b,

153 - 61.Arecentreviewarticleoutlines

newtrendsinthestudyofRomansilver plate,whicharerelevanttothestudyot lateanticjuemetalworktromWestand

CentralAsia:Johns1990,28-43.

TheCollectionsandTheirClassification2i

26.HarperandMeyers1981,esp.

5-13,124-42,157-58.

27.HarperandMeyers1981,139-41.

28.Chase1968;Moorev1971,34-3^

Gibbonsetal.1979;Harperand

Meyers1981,145-58;andJctt,inthi,

volume.

ShapesandDecoration

eachchronolo^^icalsection.

AchaemenidPeriod(ca.550331B.C.)

andinCentralAsia. forthekingArtaxerxesi(r.465 - 425B.C.),lackanarchaeologicalprovenance withintheempireandbeyonditsfrontiers. 23
modernmanufacture. FollowingtheconquestsofAlexander(r.336 - 323B.C.)inthekitefourthcen- controlofSeleucus(r.305 - 281B.C.)andhissuccessors.Inthethirdcentury

CentralAsiaunderitscontrolorinHuence.*

Easternworlds.

documentahealthyproductionotthisvesseltype[see9 - 11]. beltorotherarticleofdress[12].

SasanianPeriod(ca.a.d.224651)

ThetriumphofArdasliir(r.a.d.226 - 41)overtheParthiansintheyear224 thirtyobjectsinall,belongtothisperiod.

ShapesandDecoration25

includeroyalimageryconsistingofhuntingandbanquetingscenes[13 - 15,

TjpesRepresented

isticsottheplateitselt.

SacklerGallery[15].

ofroyalandnonroyalworkshops.'* ofasingleanimal[19 - 21].Thefourthplatedepictsabanquetingcouple[18]. theSasanianperiod[23].

ShapesandDecoration27

andtheSacklerGallervcollections. pressedellipticalbowl[29]. Tangdynasty(a.d.618 - 906)andtoexamplespreservedintheShosoin

RepositoryinNara,Japan.''

below). neckandfoot,andhandlesterminatingintheformofananimalhead[35 - 37]. femalefigures[35,36].''' theSasaniankinoKhusron(r.a.d.591 - 628),afigureidentifiedastheIranian ''Thefindofa

557 - 81)tombclosedina.d.569indicatesthatthe.shapemayhavealready

formembersoftheSasaniannobility. sions."Itisnoteworthythatewers - andapparentlynottherelatedclassof vases - hadanimpactonfashionsinvesselmanufactureeastofIran.

ShapesandDecoration29

examplesofthistypesurvive. theIslamicera.'^ dencesuggeststhatitisamodernforgery. Notes

1.SurveysofAchaemenidhistoryandcul-

turearefoundinGershevitch1985and

Boardmanetal.1988.

2.TheantecedentsofAchaemenidmetal-

workingtraditionshavenowbeenstudied in^n-eaterdetail.Recentstudiesinclude

Curtis1988,withextensivebibhoaraphv.

3.Walser1966,70 - 103;Callatay1989;

Lewis1989.Schmidt1957,87 - 88,dis-

cussesthevesselsdepictedonthereliefs, togetherwithexamplesotstonevessels recoveredfromPersepolis.

4.SurveysofSeleucidandParthianhis-

tory,withextensivebibliography,are foundinYarshater1983;alsoKuhrtand

Sherwin-Whiteforthcoming.

5.ThehistoryoftheancientIranianrhy-

tonhasbeenreviewedbvseveralauthors; animportantstudyremainsGhirshman

1962a,57-80;theSeleucidandParthian

historyofthetypeisexaminedbyMasson andPugacenkova1982,esp.38-42,with biblifjgraphy.

6.FordiscussionsoftheAchaemenidrhy-

ton,seeStrong1966,86-87;alsoMoorey

1980a,26 - 27,withadditionalreterences.

TheBulgarianfindsinpreciousmetalare

thraces1987andexaminedfurtherin

Zazoffetal.1985andVickers1991.

7.MassonandPugacenkova1982isthe

definitivepublication.

8.Yarshater1983providessurveysot

Sasanianhistoryandmonuments.

9.Thissurveydrawscloselyonthe

overviewsprovidedbyHarper1983; alsoHarper1988b,bothwithrichbibli- ography.

10.Moorey1988,

11.Rawami1987,149.Harper1983,

1116-18;andHarperandMeyers1981

esp.126 - 27,136 - 42,discussesthe sourcesandmeaningoftheroyalhuntin

Sasanianart.

12.Gignoux1984,withadditionalbibli-

ography.

13.HarperandMeyers1981,esp,40 - 47.

14.HarperandMeyers1981,esp.

124-42,150-58.

15.PieterMeyershaskindlyintormed

usoftwootherexamplesotthetypein

Europeancollections:MuseesRoyaux

d'Artetd'Histoire,Brussi-ls,withboar's headoninterior(acc.no.IR1194);

MuseoNazionaled'ArteOrientale,

Rome,withstridingleopardoninterior

(acc.no.8229/8297).Theseplateswill bepublishedintheforthcomingvolume byHarperandMeyers.

16.Koshkarli1985,59,pi.xiii.Theplate

probablyoriginallyhadaringfoot,now missing.MythankstoPrudenceHarper forthisreference.

17.Harper1988a.

18.Harper1988a,336 - 37.

19.Muscarella1988,500-301,no.428,

withbibliography.

20.Azarpay1981,111,Hg.48.

21.Gyllensvard1957,58-60;also

Medley1970.

22.Petrikovits1969.Thetermforthe

shapeinRomanmetalwareis"jar.

Ceramicexamplesoltheshaperecovered

fromSasaniansitesarealmostcertainly copiesofprototypesmadeofprecious metal:Ettinghausen1964 - 65,665,fig.

226(ceramicvasefromKishinsouthern

Mesopotamia).

23.Ettinghausen196768,34-41;also

Harper1978,71 - 73,no.24,withbibli-

ographyandadditionalexamples.

24.Strong1966,188 - 90,pi.56A.

25.Atil,Chase,andJett1985,62-64.

InthecollectionsoftheHermitage

Museum,SaintPetersburg,isaewer

similartothelateSasanianexamplesbut nowgenerallyclassifiedasSogdian:Orbeli andTrever1935,pi.49;alsoMarshak

1986,55-56.

26.Harper1978,60 - 61,withbibliogra-

phy,providesadiscussionofthetype.

27.Marshak1986,fig.89.

28.Pope1964 - 65,7:pi.iboB.

29.Abanquetingsceneontheinteriorof

asilverplateintheHermitagedepictsa ewerdecoratedwitharchitecturalframes.

Theplateisprobablypost-Sasanian:

OrbeliandTrever1935,pi.16.

30.TheewerispublishedinIVenwu1985,

no.11:1 - 20,pi.1,fig.23.Furtherdis- cussionsarefoundinCarpinoandJames

1989;MarshakandWakouAnazawa

1989;alsoWuZhuo1989.Another

Sasanian-styleewer,similarinformto

thegoldexamplefromthePereshche[)ina hoardbutwithacasthumanhead attachedtothetopofthehandle,was foundtogetherwithothersilver-gilt vesselsofnon-Chinesetypein1975ina graveinAohanqi,LiaoningProvince.The burialprobablydatestotheearlytenth centurx':Kaocju1978,no.2:117 - 18.

31.Gyllensvard1957,6162;also

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