Computer Organization and Assembly Language PDF

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Computer Organization and Assembly Language

Directives are commands for the assembler telling it how to assemble the program. • Directives have a syntax similar to assembly language but do not correspond

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Computer Organization and

Assembly Language

Lecture 3 - Assembly Language

FundamentalsBasic Elements of Assembly Language

An assembly language program is composed of :

•Constants •Expressions •Literals •Reserved Words •Mnemonics •Identifiers •Directives •Instructions •Comments

Integer Constants

•Integer constants can be written in decimal, hexadecimal, octal or binary, by adding a radix (or number base) suffix to the end . •Radix Suffices: -ddecimal (the default) -hhexadecimal -q or ooctal -bbinaryExamples of Integer Constants •26Decimal •1AhHexadecimal •1101bBinary •36qOctal •2BhHexadecimal •42QOctal •36DDecimal •47dDecimal

Integer Expressions

•An integer expressions is a mathematical expressions involving integer values and integer operators. •The expressions must be one that can be stored in

32 bits (or less).

•The precedence: -( ) Expressions in Parentheses -+, -Unary Plus and minus -*, /, ModMultiply, Divide, Modulus -+, -Add, SubtractExamples of Integer Expressions (4 + 2) * 6

12 - 1 MOD 5

-5 + 214 + 5 * 220-3 + 4 * 6 - 1-35- (3 + 4) * (6 - 1)316 / 5ValueExpression

Real Number Constants

•There are two types of real number constants: -Decimal reals, which contain a sign followed by a number with decimal fraction and an exponent: [sign] integer.[integer][exponent]

Examples:

2.+3.0-44.2E+0526.E5

-Encoded reals, which are represented exactly as they are stored:

3F80000rCharacters Constants

•A character constant is a single character enclosed in single or double quotation marks. •The assembler converts it to the equivalent value in the binary code ASCII: 'A' "d"

String Constants

•A string constant is a string of characters enclosed in single or double quotation marks: 'ABC' "x" "Goodnight, Gracie" '4096' "This isn't a test" 'Say "Goodnight, " Gracie'Reserved Words •Reserved words have a special meaning to the assembler and cannot be used for anything other than their specified purpose. •They include: -Instruction mnemonics -Directives -Operators in constant expressions -Predefined symbols such as @data which return constant values at assembly time.

Identifiers

•Identifiers are names that the programmer chooses to represent variables, constants, procedures or labels. •Identifiers: -can have 1 to 247 characters -are not case-sensitive -begin with a letter , underscore, @ or $ and can also contain digits after the first character. -cannot be reserved wordsExamples of Identifiers var1open_file _main_12345 @@myfile$first

CountMAX

xVal

Directives

•Directives are commands for the assembler, telling it how to assemble the program. •Directives have a syntax similar to assembly language but do not correspond to Intel processor instructions. •Directives are also case-insensitive: •Examples .data .code namePROCInstructions •An instruction in Assembly language consists of a name (or label), an instruction mnemonic, operands and a comment •The general form is: [name] [mnemonic] [operands] [; comment] •Statements are free-form; i.e, they can be written in any column with any number of spaces between in each operand as long as they are on one line and do not pass column 128.

Labels

•Labels are identifiers that serve as place markers within the program for either code or data. •These are replaces in the machine-language version of the program with numeric addresses. •We use them because they are more readable: movax, [9020] vs. mov ax, MyVariableCode Labels •Code labels mark a particular point within the program's code. •Code labels appear at the beginning and are immediately followed by a colon: target: movax, bx jmp target

Data Labels

•Labels that appear in the operand field of an instruction: movfirst, ax •Data labels must first be declared in the data section of the program: first BYTE 10Instruction Mnemonics •Instruction mnemonics are abbreviations that identify the operation carried out by the instruction: mov- move a value to another location add- add two values sub- subtract a value from another jmp- jump to a new location in the program mul- multiply two values call- call a procedure

Operands

•Operands in an assembly language instruction can be: -constants96 -constant expressions2 + 4 -registerseax -memory locationscountOperands and Instructionsquotesdbs_dbs4.pdfusesText_8

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