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Marc Thommen

Introduction to Swiss Law

Edited by Daniel Hürlimann und Marc Thommen

Volume 2

Marc Thommen

Introduction to Swiss Law

Editor:

Prof. Dr. iur. Marc Thommen

Zurich, Switzerland

This work has been published as a graduate textbook in the book series sui generis, edited by Daniel Hürlimann and Marc Thommen (ISSN 2569-6629 Print, ISSN 2625-2910 Online). The German National Library (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) lists this work in the Deutsche

Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet via http://dnb.d-nb.de.

© 2018 Prof. Dr. Marc Thommen, Zurich (Switzerland) and the authors of the respective chapters. This work has been published under a Creative Commons license as Open Access which requires only the attribution of the authors when being reused. License type: CC-BY 4.0 - more information: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

DOI:10.24921/2018.94115924

Cover image credits: "5014 Gretzenbach" from the book Heimatland © 2018 Julian Salinas and

Ursula Sprecher (http://www.juliansalinas.ch).

Cover design: © 2018 Egbert Clement

The font used for typesetting has been licensed under a SIL Open Font License, v 1.1. Printed in Germany and the Netherlands on acid-free paper with FSC certificate. The present work has been carefully prepared. Nevertheless, the authors and the publisher assume no liability for the accuracy of information and instructions as well as for any misprints.

Lectorate: Chrissie Symington, Martina Jaussi

Print and digital edition produced and published by:

Carl Grossmann Publishers, Berlin, Bern

www.carlgrossmann.com ISBN: 978-3-941159-23-5 (printed edition, paperback) ISBN: 978-3-941159-26-6 (printed edition, hardbound with jacket)

ISBN: 978-3-941159-24-2 (e-Book, Open Access)

v

Preface

A man picks an apple from a tree behind a bee house in Gretzenbach, a small village between Olten and Aarau. At first glance, one might perceive this as the most typically Swiss scene imaginable. A closer look, however, Switzerland's biggest Buddhist temple, while at the back right the cooling In this series of pictures he tries to avoid the well-known clichés and capture

Switzerland in all its layers and complexities.

This introduction, too, tries to capture the Swiss legal landscape in all its layers. My colleagues of the University of Zurich Law Faculty have all con- tributed chapters from their area of expertise. From the foundations of law (history, philosophy, and sociology) to the classical general subjects of public, private, and criminal law, we have tried to cover the most important substan- tive and procedural aspects of the Swiss legal order. The legislative and execu- tive institutions as well as the judiciary are explained. The chapters all reflect on the underlying principles and give an account of some landmark cases in the specific fields of law. First of all, I have to thank my colleagues who agreed to participate in this project. Without their expert contributions it would not have been possible to publish this overview of Swiss Law. Further, I would like to thank Julian Salinas for agreeing to the use of his photography. I also owe thanks to Egbert Clement for designing the cover and to Alexander Grossmann for supporting this project as a publisher. My greatest thanks go to Chrissie Symington and Martina Jaussi for their very thorough proof-reading and diligent editing of the manuscripts. Without their tireless and very competent support, this book would not have been published in time.

Zurich, 18 May 2018

Marc Thommen

vii

How to Use This Book

The aim of this book was to create an easy-to-read introduction to Swiss Law. The footnotes have therefore been reduced to an absolute minimum. Wherever possible we have referenced literature in English. At the end of every chapter there is a selection of the available English literature for the respective field of law. The first reference always mentions the full name of the authors and title of their work; then all the following citations refer to the first footnote. The same referencing scheme is applied to the Federal Acts. ix

Index of Authors

Martina Becker, M.A. HSG in Law, Assistant Manager Indirect Tax at KPMG AG

Tax Law

Elisabetta Fiocchi Malaspina, Prof. Dr. iur., Assistant Professor at the

University of Zurich

History of International Law

Christoph Beat Graber, Prof. Dr. iur. (PhD), Professor at the University of

Zurich

Legal Sociology

Tina Huber-Purtschert, Dr. iur., lic. et mag. rer. pol., Lecturer and Senior

Research Fellow at the University of Zurich

Law of Obligations

Matthias Mahlmann, Prof. Dr. iur., Professor at the University of Zurich

Legal Philosophy and Legal Theory

Sophie-Katharina Matjaz, Mag. iur., Research Assistant, Lecturer, and PhD

Candidate at the University of Zurich

Civil Procedure

Matthias Oesch, Prof. Dr. iur., LL.M., Professor at the University of Zurich

Constitutional Law

International Relations

Peter Georg Picht, Prof. Dr. iur., LL.M., Professor at the University of Zurich

Civil Law

Madeleine Simonek, Prof. Dr. iur., Professor at the University of Zurich

Tax Law

x Index of Authors at Law at Pestalozzi Attorneys at Law Ltd

Civil Law

Andreas Thier, Prof. Dr. iur., M.A., Professor at the University of Zurich

Legal History

Marc Thommen, Prof. Dr. iur., LL.M., Professor at the University of Zurich

Swiss Legal System

Criminal Law

Criminal Procedure

Felix Uhlmann, Prof. Dr. iur., LL.M., Professor at the University of Zurich

Administrative Law

Administrative Procedure

xi

Table of Contents

Preface.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .v

How to Use This Book

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. vii

Index of Authors

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ix Table of Contents.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xi

Table of Contents (Detailed)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Abbreviations

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xxiii

Introduction

Swiss Legal System - Marc Thommen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Foundations

Legal History - Andreas Thier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 History of International Law - Elisabetta Fiocchi Malaspina. . . . . . .61 Legal Philosophy and Legal Theory - Matthias Mahlmann. . . . . . . . 81 Legal Sociology - Christoph Beat Graber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Public Law

Constitutional Law - Matthias Oesch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 International Relations - Matthias Oesch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Administrative Law - Felix Uhlmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Administrative Procedure - Felix Uhlmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Tax Law - Madeleine Simonek / Martina Becker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Private Law

Civil Law - Peter Georg Picht / Goran Studen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Law of Obligations - Tina Huber-Purtschert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Civil Procedure - Sophie-Katharina Matjaz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Criminal Law

Criminal Law - Marc Thommen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Criminal Procedure - Marc Thommen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395 xiii

Table of Contents (Detailed)

Preface.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .v

How to Use This Book

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. vii

Index of Authors

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ix Table of Contents.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xi

Table of Contents (Detailed)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Abbreviations

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xxiii

Swiss Legal System

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 1

I. Facts and Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

II. History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

III. Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1. Federal Assembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

2. Federal Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3. Federal Supreme Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

IV. Cantons .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 V. Communes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 VI. Direct Democracy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22

1. Federal Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

2. Cantonal Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3. Communal Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

VII. Legislative Process.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 VIII. Publication of Federal Laws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 IX. Case Citation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33

1. Official Compilation (BGE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2. Publication Online. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

3. Public Pronouncement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4. Press Releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Selected Bibliography

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39 xiv Table of Contents

Legal History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

I. Plurality and the Traditions of Swiss Legal Culture .. .. .. .. .. .. 43

II. T he Old Confederacy (13

1.C oniuratio, Covenants, and Charters

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

2.C ustomary Law, Records of Law, and Sumptuary Mandates

. . . 47 III. Th e Rise of Modern Swiss Statehood since 1798.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..50

1.C onstitutional Developments in Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

2.C onstitutional Developments in Switzerland since 1798 . . . . . 51

a)F ocusing on Individual Rights: The "Bürgerliche Rechtsstaat" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 b)T he (Slow) Rise of the Interventionist State . . . . . . . . . . . 55 c)T owards the Prevention State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

3.T he Rise of Codifications in Swiss Legal Culture . . . . . . . . . . 57

Selected Bibliography

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60

History of International Law

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 I. Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63 II. T heories of Natural Law and Law of Nations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 64

1. The Spread of Theories of Natural Law and the Law of Nations . . 64

2.E mer de Vattel and his Law of Nations

(1758) . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 III. Th e Era of International Humanitarian Law.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..69 1.H a)G ustave Moynier (1826-1910). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 b)J ohann Caspar Bluntschli (1808-1881) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 IV. Conclusion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 79

Selected Bibliography

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 80 Legal Philosophy and Legal Theory.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 81 I. The Problems of the Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory.. .. .. ..83 II. A M ap of Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 85

1.D escriptive and Analytical Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

2.E xplanatory Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

3.Nor mative Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

4.T he Relationship of Law and Morality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

5. Epistemology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

6. Ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

93

7.G rotius and Methodological Secularism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

8.T he Question of Universalism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95

Table of Contents xv

III. The Point of Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 IV. Theory of Justice.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..98 V. A Concept of Justice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 VI. The Birth of the Human Rights Idea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..101 VII. Contemporary Human Rights Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

Selected Bibliography

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..105

Legal Sociology

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 I. What is Legal Sociology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

1. Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

2. Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

II. Law, Society and Direct Democracy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..115

1. Political Autonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

2. Direct Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

3. Public Service Broadcasting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

a) Media Consumption and the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 b) Personalisation Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

III. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Selected Bibliography

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..133

Constitutional Law

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..135

I. Constitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

1. History and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

2. People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

a) Citizenship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 b) Foreign Nationals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

3. Fundamental Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

4. Federation, Cantons, Communes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

5. Federal Assembly, Federal Council, Federal Courts. . . . . . . . 148

II. Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

1. (Semi- ) Direct Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

a) Popular Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 b) Referendum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 c) "Landsgemeinde" as Cantonal Particularity . . . . . . . . . . 154

2. Multi- Party Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

3. Limited Constitutional Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

III. Landmark Cases.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..159

1. Women's Suffrage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

2. Naturalisation and Fundamental Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

xvi Table of Contents Selected Bibliography .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..162

International Relations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 I. Treaties .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..165

1. United Nations and Specialised Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

2. Trade and Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

3. Switzerland and Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

a) General Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 b) Bilateral Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 c) Autonomous Adaptation of Swiss Law to EU Law. . . . . . . 172

II. Constitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

1. Goals and Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

2. Competences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

a) Federation and Cantons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 b) Federal Council, Federal Assembly, Federal Courts . . . . . 175 c) Direct Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

3. Relationship Between International Law and Swiss Law . . . . 179

III. Landmark Cases.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..181

1. Supremacy of the Agreement on the Free

Movement of Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181

2. US Safeguard Measures on Steel Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Selected Bibliography

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .186

Administrative Law

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..187 I. Codes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .189 II. Principles of Administrative Action .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .190

2. Principle of Legality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

a) Legal Basis for Administrative Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 b) Legality of the Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 c) Delegated Legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 d) Judicial Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

3. Public Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

4. Proportionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

5. Legitimate Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

a) Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 b) Legitimacy of Expectations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 c) Private Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196quotesdbs_dbs47.pdfusesText_47

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