Chapter 13 Properties of Solutions.pdf
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Chapter 13: Physical Properties of Solutions
Solution: a homogeneous mixture. • Solute: the component that is dissolved in solvent. -- usually in smaller amount. • Solvent: medium (often water) into
Chapter 13 Properties of Solutions
Chapter 13. Properties of Solutions. Chemistry The Central Science
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Solutions
Chapter 13
Properties of Solutions
Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.;
and Bruce E. BurstenSolutions
Solutions
• Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure substances. • In a solution, the solute is dispersed uniformly throughout the solventSolutions
Solutions
The intermolecular
forces between solute and solvent particles must be strong enough to compete with those between solute particles and those between solvent particles.Solutions
How Does a Solution Form?As a solution forms, the solvent pulls solute particles apart and surrounds, or
solvates them.Solutions
How Does a Solution Form
If an ionic salt is
soluble in water, it is because the ion- dipole interactions are strong enough to overcome the lattice energy of the salt crystal.Solutions
Energy Changes in Solution
• Simply put, three processes affect the energetics of the processSeparation of solute particles
H1(this is always
endothermic)Separation of solvent particles H
2 (this too is
always endothermic)New interactions between solute and solvent H
3 (this
is always exothermic)The overall enthalpy change
associated with these three processes: H soln =H 1 +H 2+H 3Solutions
• The process solution formation can be either endo or exothermic • Hot packs use MgSO4and cold packs
use NH 4NO3 and water.
Solutions
• The solvent solute interactions must be strong enough to make H3 comparable
in magnitude to H 1 +H 2 • So NaCl will not dissolve in nonpolar liquids as the attraction between the ions and the nonpolar solvent will not compensate for the energies required to separate the ions.Solutions
Energy Changes in Solution
The enthalpy
change of the overall process depends on DHfor each of these steps.Solutions
Why Do Endothermic
Processes Occur?
Things do not tend to occur
spontaneously (i.e., without outside intervention) unless the energy of the system is lowered.Solutions
Why Do Endothermic
Processes Occur?
Yet we know that in
some processes, like the dissolution of NH 4NO3in water,
heat is absorbed, not released.Solutions
Enthalpy Is Only Part of the Picture
The reason is that
increasing the disorder or randomness (known as entropy ) of a system tends to lower the energy of the system.Solutions
Enthalpy Is Only Part of the Picture
So even though
enthalpy may increase, the overall energy of the system can still decrease if the system becomes more disordered.Solutions
• The process occurring at a constant temperature in which the randomness in space or the entropy of the system increases tend to occur spontaneouslySolutions
Student, Beware!
Just because a substance disappears when it
comes in contact with a solvent, it doesn"t mean the substance dissolved.Solutions
Student, Beware!
• Dissolution is a physical change-you can get back the original solute by evaporating the solvent. • If you can"t, the substance didn"t dissolve, it reacted. • The above example is the reaction of nickel with HCl resulting in the formation of NiCl 2Solutions
Types of Solutions
• SaturatedSolvent holds as much solute as is possible at that temperature.Dissolved solute is in dynamic equilibrium with solid solute particles.
Solutions
Types of Solutions
• Unsaturated Less than the maximum amount of solute for that temperature is dissolved in the solvent.Solutions
Types of Solutions
• SupersaturatedSolvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that temperature.These solutions are unstable; crystallization can usually be stimulated by adding a "seed crystal" or scratching the side of the flask.
Solutions
Solubility, saturation and supersaturation
Below saturation•Solvent is not yet holding the maximum amount of solute it can at that temperature
•More solute could still dissolve - if you add more, it will mix inAt saturation point •Solvent is holding the maximum amount of solute it can at that temperature •If you add any more solute, it will not dissolve (will fall to the bottom -precipitate) •Solubility= often measured in grams of solute per 100 mL of solventBeyond saturation •Solvent is holding more solute than it is able to at that temperature -situation is unstable •If you add anything to the solution, the excess (beyond saturation point) will crystallize outAs you add more solute to a solution
Solutions
Factors Affecting Solubility
Solute Solvent Interaction
• Chemists use the axiom "like dissolves like": Polar substances tend to dissolve in polar solvents. Nonpolar substances tend to dissolve in nonpolar solvents.Solutions
The more similar the
intermolecular attractions, the more likely one substance is to be soluble in another.Solutions
Glucose (which has
hydrogen bonding) is very soluble in water, while cyclohexane (which only has dispersion forces) is not.Solutions
• Vitamin A is soluble in nonpolar compounds (like fats). • Vitamin C is soluble in water.Solutions
Solutions
Gases in Solution
• In general, the solubility of gases in water increases with increasing mass as the attraction between the gas and the solvent molecule is mainly dispersion forces. • Larger molecules have stronger dispersion forces.Solutions
Effect of Pressure
• The solubility of solids and liquids is not affected by pressure. • However the solubility of gases is greatly affected by pressure.Solutions
Gases in Solution
• The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its pressure.Solutions
Henry"s Law
SgP gSg= kP
g where •S gis the solubility of the gas; •kis the Henry"s law constant for that gas in that solvent at that temperature •Pgis the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.Solutions
Solutions
Calculate the concentration of CO
2in a soft drink that is bottled with a partial
pressure of CO2of 4.0 atm over the liquid at 25C. The Henry"s law
constant for CO2in water at this temperature is 3.1 ´10-2 mol/L-atm.Page 542
2Solutions
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