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Renewable Energy

in a Time of

Transition

© 2018 IRENA, OECD/IEA and REN21

This work/translation is partially based on ‘Renewable Energy Policies in a Time of Transition' developed by IRENA, OECD/IEA and REN21 (2018) but the resulting work has been prepared by [insert your legal entity name] and does not necessarily refiect the views of IRENA, OECD/IEA nor REN21. Neither IRENA, OECD/IEA nor REN21 accepts any responsibility or liability for this work/translation.

ISBN 978-92-9260-061-7DISCLAIMER

2

ABOUT IRENA

www.irena.org

ABOUT REN21

www.ren21.netABOUT IEA

Energy Security:

Economic Development:

Environmental Awareness:

Engagement Worldwide:

www.iea.org

Renewable Energy

Policies

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Individual chapter authors were as follows:

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

(REN21)

With input from Louise Vickery (IEA)

HEATING AND COOLING

(IEA)

TRANSPORT

(REN21) With input from Pharoah Le Feuvre (IEA), Flávia Guerra,

Archita Misra and Hannah E. Murdock (REN21)

POWER (IRENA) With input from Sadie Cox and Sean Esterly (NREL), Caspar Priesmann (GIZ), and Hadley Taylor (EUEI-PDF)

SYSTEM INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLES

and(IEA) With input from Cédric Philibert, Oliver Schmidt, Oskar

POLICY CLASSIFICATION

and (IRENA), (REN21), and (IEA) With input from Barbara Breitschopf (Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research - ISI), Sascha Van Rooijen (Ecofys Group), Sadie Cox and Sean Esterly (NREL), Caspar Priesmann (GIZ), and Hadley Taylor (EUEI-PDF)

REVIEWERS

Henning Wuester, Dolf Gielen, Salvatore Vinci, Ahmed Abdel-Latif, Bishal Parajuli, Michael Renner, Divyam Nagpal, Abdullah Abou Ali, Celia García-Baños, Jinlei Feng, Emanuele Taibi, Francisco Boshell, Asami Miketa, Thomas Nikolakakis and Arina Anisie (IRENA), Paul Simons, Rebecca Gaghen, Elaine Atwood, Heymi Bahar, Oliver Schmidt, Renske Schuitmaker and Jacopo Tattini (IEA), Laura E. Williamson (REN21). Aaron Robinson (United Airlines), Adam Johnston (Salay Consulting), Ahmed Hamza H. Ali (Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University), Alejandro Limón Portillo (Centro de Investigación Económica y Presupuestaria), Ashwin Gambhir (Prayas Energy), Barbara Breitschopf (Fraunhofer ISI), Bikash Kumar Sahu (Gandhi Institute for Education and Technology), Casper Priesmann (GIZ), Christy Aikhorin (TechnipFMC), Catharina Ringborg (Utmaning), David Napper (Enviro-Development), David Walwyn (University of Pretoria), Dieter Holm (Southern African Solar Thermal Training & Demonstration Initiative - SOLTRAIN), Dorothea Otremba (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH - GIZ), Emilio Soberon (World Wildlife Fund Mexico), Emmanuel Branche (Électricité de France S.A.), Eros Artuso (ProQuest Consulting Ltd), Evan Musolino, Filip Johnsson (Chalmers University of Technology), Franklin Molina, Freyr Sverrisson (Sunna Research), Gaetano Zizzo (Università di Palermo), Gianluca Sambucini (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - UNECE), Heather Rosmarin (InterAmerican Clean Energy Institute), Henrik Personn (Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre, Belize), Isabel Welten (Goodfuels), Janet Sawin (Sunna Research), Johanna Diecker (Global off Grid Lighting Association - GOGLA), Joshua Odeleye, Julian Barquin (Endesa), Kanika Chawla (Council for Energy, Environment and Water), Karl Peet (Partnership on Sustainable Low Carbon Transport - SLoCaT), Karla Solis (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - UNFCCC), University of technology), Lisa Wolf (Eurelectric), Maged Mahmoud (Regional Cneter for Renewable Energy and Energy Efciency - RCREEE), Manjol Banja (European Commission), Manoj Singh (India Power), Michael Rask (Raskgreentech ApS), Miguel Schloss (Surinvest Ltd), Ming Yang (Global Environment Facility - GEF), Monica Zamora Zapata (University of California, San Diego), Nguyen Dang Anh Thi (Independent consultant), Nicholas Craven (UIC), Nikola Medimorec (Partnership on Sustainable Low Carbon Transport - SloCaT), Nikolay Belyakov (Hilti), Pablo Del Río (Instituto de Políticas y Bienes Públicos), Peter Krenz (GMX), Rainer Hinrichs (European Renewable Energy Federation),Ralf Christmann (Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie - BMWi), Rina Bohle Zeller (Vestas), Robert J van der Plas (Marge), Sadie Cox (NREL), Sascha Van Rooijen (Ecofys Group), Sean Esterly (NREL), Sharon Denny (Global Futuremakers), Shehu Khaleel (Rendanet), Sigrid Kusch (ScEnSers Independent Expertise - Science and Engineering for Sustainable Environmental Resources), Stefanie Seitz (Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gGmbH), Tineke Van der Schoor (Hanze University of Applied Sciences), Vimal Mahendru (International Electrotechnical Commission), Virendra Kumar Vijay (Indian institute of Technology Delhi), Yasemin Erboy Ruff (CLASP), Yann Loic Tanvez (World Bank), Zvirevo Chisadza (International Institute of Engineers, Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers).

Mimi Lie (REN21)

4

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | FOREWORD

FOREWORD

Renewables have progressed at an unprecedented pace over the past decade and have consistently surpassed expectations, with new records being set each year and an increasing number of countries

committing to their respective energy transitions. Much of the advancement has been achieved thanks to

effective policies and planning, coupled with ambitious targets. However, to meet the goals established

in the Paris Agreement, the pace of the energy transitions will have to increase - and for this, policies

enabling a rapid renewable energy deployment will be essential. Policy support for renewables continues to be focused primarily on power generation globally, with

efforts in the heating and cooling and the transport sectors signicantly lagging behind. In the future,

policy frameworks need to take a systems approach with more fully integrated policies across sectors,

incorporating supporting infrastructure and measures for balancing supply and demand, taking advantage

of synergies with energy efciency, and harnessing distributed renewables for increased access to electricity and clean cooking. Above all, policies should be stable and transparent. Though many challenges remain, not least among them the continued subsidies for fossil fuels, more sophisticated policies continue to stimulate and support the increasing uptake of renewable energy worldwide. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) have joined forces to produce a new

publication, Renewable Energy Policies in a Time of Transition, in a rst collaboration of this nature.

This publication aims to provide policymakers with a comprehensive understanding of the diverse policy

options to support the development of renewables across sectors, technologies, country contexts,

energy market structures, and policy objectives. It not only illustrates the changing landscape of policies

for renewable energy in power, heating and cooling, and transport, but also highlights the importance

of system integration and sector coupling, reecting the expanding opportunities for integration with increasing renewable energy deployment. Additionally, the publication presents an updated classication of renewable energy policies, jointly

formulated by the three institutions, to illustrate the latest policy developments around the world and

facilitate harmonised policy tracking. As policy design for renewables continues to evolve and increase

in sophistication, the lines separating policies in the traditional classications have become increasingly

blurred. This new classication also captures the importance of the broader policy context - one that

goes well beyond energy sector policy alone - required to achieve the energy transition in line with the

appropriate socio-economic structures to support it. On behalf of IEA, IRENA and REN21, we would also like to thank those who contributed to and reviewed

earlier drafts of the document. We hope that this joint effort will prove helpful for policymakers around

the world as they strive for further deployment of renewable energy across all sectors.

Director General

International Renewable Energy

Agency (IRENA)

Executive Director

International Energy Agency

(IEA)

ChairRenewables Energy Policy

Network for the 21

st

Century

(REN21) 5 CONTENTS __________________________________________ 6

LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND BOXES______ 8

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY _______________________ 10

_________________________ 16

1.1 The renewable energy era

_____________________________ 17

1.2 Renewables advancing the energy transition

_____________ 19

1.3 Current status of targets and policies

___________________ 22

1.4 Conclusions

__________________________________________ 23 __________________________________ 24

2.1 Introduction: Status and market trends

__________________ 25

2.2 Renewable heating and cooling policies: Overview

________ 26

2.3 Cluster 1 - District heating approaches

_________________ 28

2.4 Cluster 2 - Competing with extensive natural gas grids

___ 30

2.5 Cluster 3 - Renewable heating and cooling policies in

emerging economies __________________________________ 32

2.6 Cluster 4 - Clean cooking

_____________________________ 34

2.7 Conclusions

__________________________________________ 37 ____________________________________________ 38

3.1 Introduction: Status and market trends

__________________ 39

3.2 Policies that drive renewables in transport: Overview

_____ 44

3.3 Biofuel policies

_______________________________________ 45

3.4 Policies supporting renewable electricity as transport fuel

__ 48

3.5 Policies supporting future renewable transport fuels

_______ 51

3.6 Policies supporting renewable energy in aviation

__________ 52

3.7 Policies supporting renewables in shipping

_______________ 52

3.8 Conclusions

__________________________________________ 54

Policies in a Time of

Transition

6

RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICIES IN A TIME OF TRANSITION

CONTENT PAGE | FIGURE LIST

_________________________________________ 56

4.1 Introduction: Status and market trends

__________________ 57

4.2 Renewable power policies: Overview

____________________ 60

4.3 Regulatory policies for all stakeholders

___________________ 61

4.4 Regulatory and pricing policies for large-scale installations

__ 62

4.5 Regulatory and pricing policies for distributed generation

___ 65

4.6 Regulatory and pricing policies for electricity access from

decentralised renewables ______________________________ 66

4.7 Non-regulatory policies for all installations

_______________ 69

4.8 Conclusions

__________________________________________ 74

System integration of renewables - transforming

power systems _______________________________________ 76

5.1 Introduction

__________________________________________ 77

5.2 Phases 1 and 2: Targeted measures

at the onset of VRE deployment ________________________ 80

5.3 Phases 3 and 4: A system-wide approach _______________ 84

In Focus: Policy on the frontier - sector coupling _________ 93

5.4 Conclusions

__________________________________________ 96 _____________________________________ 98 ____________________________________________ 104

References for chapter 1

_________________________________ 104

References for chapter 2

_________________________________ 105

References for chapter 3

_________________________________ 106

References for chapter 4

_________________________________ 108

References for chapter 5

_________________________________ 110 __________________________________________ 111 in a Time of

Transition

7

LIST OF FIGURES

Number of renewable energy regulatory

incentives and mandates, by type, 2014-16 ____ 12

Number of renewable energy regulatory

incentives and mandates, by type, 2014-16 ____ 22 Total global energy consumption for heat, 2015 __ 25

Countries with renewable heating and

cooling policies, 2016 _________________________ 27

Fuel input for steam and hot water in Swedish

CHP and heat-only plants, 1990-2016

_________ 29

Indicative cost ranges for delivered renewable

heat versus gas boilers, residential sector _______ 31

Solar thermal capacity growth in selected

countries, 2010-15 ___________________________ 33

Costs of various cooking technologies

__________ 35

The role of transport in total final energy

consumption, 2015 __________________________ 39

Transport energy use by transport fuel, 2015

____ 40 CO

2 emissions by transport mode, world, 2015 ___ 40

Renewable energy supply options for transport

___ 41

Technical barriers to developing renewable

energy in transport sub-sectors ________________ 45

Countries with biofuel obligations for

transport, 2016. ______________________________ 46

Countries with electric vehicle targets that do

or do not have renewable electricity targets and explicit measures of renewable energy in electric vehicles ____________________________ 49 Global power consumption by sector, 2015 ______ 57

Global electricity generation by source, 2015

____ 58

Renewable and non-renewable

power capacity additions, 2001-16 _____________ 58

Trends in renewable installed capacity,

by technology, 2005-16 _______________________ 59

Classication of power sector policies

___________ 60

Trends in the adoption of FITs/FIPs and

auctions, 2004-16 ____________________________ 63quotesdbs_dbs47.pdfusesText_47

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