Simple Stack Frame Examples
Once we've established the value of the arguments on line 8. (4 and 2 respectively)
Procedure Stack operations
Stack frame example .data sum DWORD ? .code push 6. ; second argument p g push 5. ; first argument call AddTwo. ; EAX = sum mov sumeax. ; save the sum.
Python (v3) Stack Frame Examples
Python (v3) Stack Frame Examples stack frame and creating an object on the heap for the value. ... variables for them in the stack frame.
Computer Organization & Assembly Languages Advanced Procedure
ENTER instruction creates stack frame for a called procedure sets EBP to the base of the stack frame. ? reserves space for local variables. ? Example:.
Procedure Stack operations
2008?12?22? Stack frame example. AddTwo PROC push ebp mov ebpesp. ; base of stack frame mov eax
Procedures and the Call Stack Call Stack Stack frames support
Stack frames support procedure calls. Example: 400544: callq 400550 <mult2>. 400549: movq. %rax(%rbx) ... Procedure Call Example (initial state).
Activation Records/Stack Frames
function is called the stack frame or activation record. • Callee/Caller terminology? 3. The Stack Stack Frame Example. 6. 9. Recursive Example.
Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers 4th Edition Chapter
A procedure can explicitly access stack parameters using constant offsets from EBP. • Example: [ebp + 8]. • EBP is often called the base pointer or frame
Procedure
Stack frame example. AddTwo PROC push ebp mov ebpesp. ; base of stack frame mov eax
(Microsoft PowerPoint - ch08_pdf [¬Û®e¼Ò¦¡])
Stack Frames. • Stack Parameters. • Local Variables. • ENTER and LEAVE Instructions. • LOCAL Directive. Web site. Examples. • LOCAL Directive.
Simple Stack Frame Examples - Swarthmore College
Simple Stack Frame Examples CS21 at Swarthmore College At the beginning of the programmainis called We createa new stack frame Sincemainhas no parameters the stackframe is empty 7 n = 4 8 out = f(n2) 9 print out 10 11 main() main:7 At the beginning of the programmainis called We createa new stack frame
The Stack Frame - University of New Mexico
Python (v3) Stack Frame Examples CS21 at Swarthmore College At the beginning of the programmainis called We createa new stack frame Sincemainhas no parameters the stackframe is empty 7 n = 4 8 out = f(n2) 9 print(out) 10 11 main() main:7 At the beginning of the programmainis called We createa new stack frame
Stack - Princeton University
• Stack Pointerpoints to slot above (below) current frame 20 Stack Frame Example 21 Stack Frame Example Dynamic Link (AKA Control Link) points to AR of the caller • Optional if size of caller AR is static and known • Used to restore stack pointer during return sequence 22 Stack Frame Example
The Stack Frame - University of New Mexico
The stack pointer must be adjusted to allocate the stack frame before any other use of the stack pointer register At most one frame pointer can be used in the function Use of a frame pointer is identified if the stack pointer value is moved into another regis-ter after the stack pointer has been adjusted to allocate the stack frame
Declarative Composition of Stack Frames - Tufts University
This paper focuses on the layout of a stack frame; a companion paper (Olinsky et al 2004) addresses 300 incoming k = 0 spills completed region a newly allocated slot in k = ?12 (cursor) region under construction not yet allocated Fig 2 Contiguous allocation of a stack frame using a cursor
Searches related to examples of stack frames filetype:pdf
•Stack frame enables many parameters to be made available to the called routines •Stack frame of different subroutines can be stacked at the stack •When a subroutine finishes it jumps (returns to the return-address at the stack frame and Execution of the calling program resumes We learnt
[PDF] Simple Stack Frame Examples - Swarthmore College
main() At the beginning of the program main is called We create a new stack frame Since main has no parameters the stack frame is empty
[PDF] Registers and Stack Frames
Assembly Example 1 text globl main main: subu $sp$sp24 # stack frame is 6 words sw $ra20($sp) # save return address sw $fp16($sp)
[PDF] The Stack Frame
Stack frames are allocated on the run-time stack; the stack grows downward from high addresses to low addresses Each stack frame has sufficient space allocated
[PDF] STACK FRAMES
EXAMPLE: This subroutine calls one of five user subroutines based upon a user id code in the low byte of data register D0 The subroutine effects the A0 and D0
[PDF] Activation Records/Stack Frames - csPrinceton
The portion of “The Stack” used for an invocation of a function is called the stack frame or activation record Stack Frame Example
[PDF] Stack Frames (12A)
13 jui 2021 · is called the function's stack frame or activation record https://www cs princeton edu/courses/archive/spring03/cs320/notes/7-1 pdf
[PDF] Lecture 7: Subroutines and stack frames
Lecture 7: Subroutines and stack frames g Parameter passing though the stack n An example g Local variables and the stack frame g LINK and ULNK instructions
[PDF] 17 Memory and Stack Frames
Registers are used as “working memory” to store intermediate values in a computation COMP1917 c Alan Blair 2012 COMP1917 12s2 Memory and Stack Frames 7
[PDF] EE 109 Unit 16 – Stack Frames Arguments and Return Values
To access this data on the stack a pointer called the Stack Frame Motivation • Assume the following C code Best example is $ra – Local variables
[PDF] Procedures and the Call Stack
Stack frames support procedure calls Example: 400544: callq 400550 400549: movq rax( rbx) Procedure Call Example (initial state)
What is a stack frame?
- The Stack Frame. Each called function in a program allocates a stack frame on the run-time stack, if necessary. A frame is allocated for each non-leaf function and for each leaf func- tion that requires stack storage.
How many bytes does it take to allocate a stack frame?
- Create standard stack frame, allocate 32 bytes for local variables and buffer, save registers. ... Restore registers, destroy stack frame, and return. ... Size of slots in stack frame, that is the stack width. Location of stack frame slots. ... ... Table 2: gcc and C function call.
What is the Order of packing information in a stack frame?
- The order of packing information in the stack frame in most cases is independent of the specifications of the programming language. One of the salient features of the stack frame is that for a specific subprogram, the size of the stack frame is fixed.
COS 320
Compiler Implementation
Princeton University
Spring 2006
Prof. David August (guest)
2 Activation Records (Activation Records (ARsARs))•Modern imperative PLs typically have local variables •Created upon call to function (or entry to region of code) •Destroyed upon return of function (or exit of region of code) •Each invocation has own instance of locals •Recursive calls require several instances to exist simultaneously •Function instance dies only after all callees have died (LIFO) •Need LIFO structure to hold each instance: Stack •The portion of "The Stack" used for an invocation of a function is called the stack frame or activation recordCallee/Caller
terminology? 3The StackThe Stack•Essentially:
•A large (resizable) array •Grows downward (upward) in memory addresses •Shrinks upward (downward) •push(r1): stack_pointer--;M[stack_pointer] = r1;
•r1 = pop(): r1 = M[stack_pointer]; stack_pointer++; •Notes: •Push and pop entire activation records? •Previous activation records need to be accessed? Implications? 4 2 5Stack Frame ExampleStack Frame Example
6 9Recursive ExampleRecursive Example
10 3 14What about Functional Languages?What about Functional Languages?Some functional PLs (ML, Scheme) cannot use a stack
15 17 Functional LanguagesFunctional LanguagesCombination of nested functions and nested returned results (higher-order functions):1.Requires locals to remain after enclosing function
returns2.Activation records must be allocated on heap, not stack
Concentrate on languages using the stack...
Prof. Walker adds:
Comment that I already talked about closure
conversion, which deals with the problem of creating "activation records" (closures) for ML-style nested functions (or at least reduces it to the problem of creating activation records for C). 18Stack Frame OrganizationStack Frame Organization•In isolation, compiler can use any layout scheme
•Microprocessor manufacturers specify standards •Called: Calling Conventions •Allows code from different compilers to work together •Essential for library interaction 4 19 Typical Calling ConventionTypical Calling Convention•Frame Pointer
points to top (bottom) of previous frameStack Pointer
points to slot above (below) current frame 20Stack Frame ExampleStack Frame Example
21Stack Frame ExampleStack Frame ExampleDynamic Link (AKA Control Link) points to AR of the caller •Optional if size of caller AR is static and known •Used to restore stack pointer during return sequence 22
Stack Frame ExampleStack Frame Example
5 23Parameter PassingParameter Passing
24Parameter PassingParameter PassingIf register argument has address taken, callee materializes it on the stack 25
RegistersRegisters
26RegistersRegisters•Compilers typically place a variable on stack until it can determine whether or not it can be promoted to a register (e.g. no references) •The assignment of variables to registers is done by the
Register Allocator
6 27RegistersRegistersRegister's value must be saved before callee can reuse Calling convention defines two types of registers:
Caller-save registers
are responsibility of the caller •Caller-save register values saved only if used after call/return •The callee function can use caller-saved registers with concernCallee-save register
are the responsibility of the callee •Values must be saved by callee before they can be used •Caller can assume that these registers will be restored Allocation of variables to callee-saved vs. caller-saved done by register allocator 28Return Address and Return Return Address and Return Value(sValue(s))Return Address •A called function must be able to return to caller •Return address is address of instruction following call •Return address can be placed on the stack or register •A call instruction (if present in ISA) places return address in a designated register •The return address is written to stack by callee in non- leaf functions
Return Value
is placed in designated register or on stack 29Frame Resident VariablesFrame Resident Variables•A variable escapes if: •it is passed by reference, •its address is taken, or •it is accessed from a nested function •Variables cannot be assigned a location at declaration time •Escape conditions not known •Assign provisional locations, decide later if variables can be promoted to registers escape set to true by default 30
Static LinksStatic Links
In languages that allow nested functions,
functions must access other function's stack frame. 7 31Static LinksStatic Links
Whenever f is called, it is passed a pointer to most recent AR of g that immediately encloses f in program textStatic Link (AKA Access Link)
32Static LinksStatic Links
33Static LinksStatic Links•Need a chain of indirect memory references for each variable access •Example: M[M[M[FP]]] •Number of indirect references = difference in nesting depth between variable declaration function and use functionquotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23
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